During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，systematic progress has been made in pumpkin genetic breeding in China．High-quality pumpkin genomes were assembled，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits were deeply dissected，and the pumpkin breeding technology system was refined．A batch of elite new pumpkin germplasms with good quality and multi-resistance was developed，and a series of distinctive new pumpkin varieties with diverse characteristics were successfully bred．This review systematically summarizes the major advances in applied basic research，breeding technology development，germplasm innovation，and new variety breeding of pumpkin in China during‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period．It also discusses the main problems currently existing in pumpkin genetic breeding in China and proposes future directions for development．

With the aggravation of agricultural labor shortage and the enhancement of high-quality development requirements，it has become the key to industrial transformation and upgrading to promote the machine-friendly transformation of facility vegetables．Aiming at the production practice of facility vegetables in Hebei Province and the necessity，difficulty and implementation path of mechanization transformation for systematic analysis，the study shows that mechanization transformation is the key to crack the difficult and expensive labor in the facility vegetable industry．However，the current transformation is faced with the core difficulties such as low standardization of facilities restricting the operating space，outstanding bottlenecks in applicable agricultural machinery and equipment technology，high transformation costs and lack of composite talents，decentralized operation hindering scale efficiency and synergy，as well as varying levels of application of mechanization by business entities．To this end，the study puts forward six implementation paths，through the construction of ‘standard leadership，equipment support，financial security，scale moderation，agronomic support，classification and promotion’ of the implementation of the system，in order to promote the Hebei Province and the national facilities of the vegetable industry to the efficient，green，sustainable direction of upgrading．

Through a comprehensive investigation of the current development status of the protected vegetable industry in Zhejiang Province，this study summarizes the industry’s scale，per-unit yield，facility types，technical models，and progress in branding and high-quality product development．It also analyzes the main challenges confronting the industry’s development and proposes four countermeasures for high-quality development：① renovating and upgrading facility structures and equipment to accelerate the integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery；② demonstrating and integrating advanced technologies to simultaneously improve the yield and quality of protected vegetables；③ promoting premium pricing and fullchain development；④ strengthening policy safeguards to enhance risk resilience．

To gain a better understanding of the current state of smart vegetable farming in Jiangxi Province and the challenges it faces，a survey was conducted in 20 counties，cities，and districts across the province—all major vegetable-producing areas—through on-site visits and questionnaire distribution．The survey examined 657 vegetable farming entities，focusing on their labor input patterns，awareness of smart farming，willingness to adopt smart farming technologies，and current application status．Results indicate that while smart farming is gradually being promoted—evidenced by improved cultivation efficiency via precision agriculture and optimized regional layouts—adoption remains limited primarily to large-scale operations．Critical bottlenecks identified include insufficient farmer awareness，underdeveloped technology R & D systems，low levels of farmer organization and prohibitive initial investment costs．To address these challenges，the study proposes targeted countermeasures：strengthening infrastructure，optimizing the adaptability of smart technologies，enhancing organizational integration，and expanding professional training and policy support．These measures aim to accelerate the advancement of smart agriculture and ensure sustainable industry growth．

Seeds are known as the chips of agriculture．In recent years，Shouguang has achieved remarkable progress in the development of the vegetable seed industry．Based on an investigation into the current status of Shouguang’s vegetable seed industry，this study reveals that it is still constrained by bottlenecks including insufficient innovation capacity and inadequate competitiveness of the seed industry．It puts forward the ideas and objectives for the high-quality development of the vegetable seed industry，and suggests that priority should be given to seed industry development in the future．Coordinated efforts should be made in the protection and utilization of germplasm resources，the cultivation and growth of seed enterprises，the enhancement of supply guarantee capacity at breeding bases，and the continuous strengthening of policy support．Such measures will accelerate the improvement of technological innovation capability and core competitiveness of Shouguang’s vegetable seed industry，build an influential seed industry Silicon Valley，promote the upgrading of the vegetable industry through high-quality seed industry development，and empower the expansion and innovation of the‘Shouguang Model’．

In response to the unsustainability of traditional agriculture，microbial inoculants have emerged as a core green technology for advancing the transformation of vegetable production．The types，mechanisms of action，and application progress of microbial inoculants in vegetable production were systematically elucidated．The comprehensive effects on improving quality and yield，enhancing stress resistance，and ameliorating the rhizosphere microecology in vegetables were analyzed．Nutrient utilization was directly enhanced through nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，and potassium release，while plant hormones were secreted to stimulate root development．Pest and disease control was effectively achieved through competition，antagonism，and the induction of resistance．In the future，at the level of inoculant development，it is necessary to utilize genomics，metabolomics，and high-throughput screening technologies to directionally select and breed superior microbial strains that possess efficient colonization capabilities，multiple growth-promoting functions，and biocontrol properties，tailored to the specific demands of different vegetable crops（such as fruit vegetables and leafy vegetables）and major soil-borne diseases（such as bacterial wilt and blight）．Furthermore，at the level of application strategies，priority should be given to researching the coupling effects between microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer sources，water-saving irrigation，and ecological regulation measures．This will help establish a precision application technology system based on soil-crop-microbe interactions，thereby enhancing the efficacy stability and ecological adaptability of microbial inoculants within organic and green agricultural systems.

Crop growth models facilitate understanding and prediction of crop development，yield formation，and physiological responses under specific conditions，serving as vital tools for formulating production strategies in practical agricultural settings．This paper reviews research progress on growth models for lettuce cultivated hydroponically，categorising existing models into five major types：photosynthesis models，nutrient models and novel modelling techniques，growth monitoring classification models，yield models，and quality models．The paper identifies three core issues in current research：systemic inadequacies，weak regional adaptability，and insufficient mechanistic depth．In the future，research on improving the productivity of hydroponic lettuce systems through growth models should focus on the research and development of intelligent equipment，the development of dynamic monitoring systems integrating deep learning methods such as convolutional neural networks（CNN），and the improvement of precision regulation production technologies，to comprehensively enhance the productivity of hydroponic lettuce systems．

Plant hormones function as pivotal chemical messengers，regulating plant growth，development，and responses to environmental stimuli．Through the precise regulation of gene expression and cellular physiological processes，they orchestrate the completion of plant life cycles．Recent studies have revealed that plant hormones also play a significant regulatory role in the growth and development of edible mushrooms．This article systematically reviews the research progress on five classical plant hormones：auxin，cytokinin，abscisic acid，gibberellin，and ethylene，in edible mushrooms，focusing on their regulatory effects on key agronomic traits such as mycelial growth rate，stipe elongation，pileus size，growth cycle，and yield．It further explores the biosynthetic mechanisms of these hormones in edible mushrooms and the molecular mechanisms through which they regulate growth and development．This review aims to synthesize related research findings and provide a theoretical basis and feasible reference for understanding the regulation mechanism of plant hormones in edible mushrooms and promoting their efficient application in the edible mushrooms industry．

Using cultivated tomato‘Taikonghongzuan’（Solanum lycopersicum）as the female parent and wild tomato‘LA1598’（Solanum pimpinellifolium）as the male parent，a BC2F1 introgression line（IL）population was constructed through hybridization and backcrossing．This study employed multivariate statistical methods to comprehensively evaluate 53 agronomic traits across 19 ILs within this population，aiming to identify novel germplasms with superior comprehensive characteristics as well as accessions exhibiting outstanding or specific traits. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 53 agronomic traits in the 19 ILs ranged from 0 to 94.87%，indicating rich genetic diversity．Correlation analysis demonstrated complex interrelationships among traits．Cluster analysis classified the 19 ILs into four clusters，with Cluster Ⅲ exhibiting outstanding comprehensive traits including large single-fruit weight，high firmness，high soluble solids content，and high yield；Principal component analysis achieved comprehensive ranking of the lines，providing theoretical foundation for preliminary application of the introgression lines；Screening of BC2F1population for specific traits yielded novel germplasms with outstanding characteristics in flower number per inflorescence（2 lines），fruit number per inflorescence（3 lines），firmness（5 lines），and flesh thickness（1 line），as well as specific characteristics in fruit stalk length（4 lines），ripening fruit color（4 lines），and number of ventricles（1 line）．This study supplies valuable germplasm resources for tomato breeding and the exploration of genes underlying elite traits．

Using 100 pigmented pepper germplasm resources as experimental materials，cluster analysis and correlation analysis were employed to investigate the color value range of pigmented pepper and the correlations between color value with color grading and agronomic traits，aiming to screen elite pigmented pepper germplasm resources with high color values and high yields．The results showed that the color values of the 100 pigment pepper accessions exhibited rich genetic diversity，ranging from 4.03 to 19.85，with a coefficient of variation of 27.79%. Based on genetic distance，the 100 accessions were classified into four groups：high color value group（Group Ⅰ），medium color value group（Group Ⅱ），low color value group（Group Ⅲ），and extremely high color value group（Group Ⅳ）．Among the 100 germplasm resources，42 had color values ranging from 12.65 to 19.85，which were higher than the average color value of currently cultivated major pigment pepper varieties．Correlation analysis indicated that color value had a highly significant positive correlation with color grading，a highly significant weak negative correlation with fruit shape index，and no significant correlation with yield per plant，flesh thickness，or single fruit weight．Through comprehensive analysis of fruit color value and yield traits of the 100 pigment pepper germplasm resources，15 elite germplasm resources with high color values and high yields were selected．This study provides a theoretical basis for the breeding of new high-red pigmented pepper varieties and serves as a reference for germplasm innovation in high-red pigmented pepper．

During the investigation of pests and diseases in the Yuanmou hot region of Yunnan Province，China，tomato plants were found to exhibit symptoms including brown stems lesions，yellowing and distortion of apical leaves，necrosis of lower leaves and fruits，as well as shriveled fruits with yellow ringspots brown spots and blister-like lesions on fruit surfaces．These symptoms were suspected to be caused by viral pathogen．In order to determine the type of virus that infected the sample with symptom，electron microscopy staining was performed on the infected tomato samples，followed by ultrathin sectioning and observation using using an electron microscopy techniques，the results found that the presence of spherical virus particles（80-120 nm diameter）and baculovirus particles（approximately 300 nm in length）in the tomato fruit samples. Using． nine specific primers for common tomato viruses，RT-PCR amplification，cloning and sequencing analysis were conducted on the infected samples，the coat protein（CP）gene of tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）and the N gene sequence of chilli yellow ringspot virus（CYRSV）were detected from the sample．The phylogenetic tree analysis of the obtained sequences revealed that the ToBRFV isolate identified in this study were most similar to those from Canadian tomato ToBRFV isolate and least similar to those from Mexican tomato ToBRFV isolate．The CYRSV isolate identified in this study was most similar to the Yunnan CYRSV isolate PV197272 and had lowest similarity to the OP204905 from Hymenocallis littoralis in Yunnan．These results indicate that there is a co-infection of ToBRFV and CYRSV in tomatoes in the Yuanmou hot region of Yunnan．

To investigate the effects of different rootstocks on the mature fruit aroma of thin-skinned melon，Luffa cylindrica（treatment G1）and Cucurbita moschata（treatment G2）were used as rootstocks，with the thin-skinned melon cultivar‘Guangmi No.1’as the scion．Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-SPME-GC-MS）was employed to determine and analyze the volatile compounds in the pulp of grafted and self-rooted（CK）thin-skinned melons．The results indicated that a total of 909 volatile compounds were identified across treatments G1，G2，and CK．The content proportions of these volatile compounds were as follows：terpenoids accounted for 22.99%-24.47%，esters for 19.05%-19.81%，and ketones for 17.17%-19.02%，while the proportions of other categories were all below 10%．Treatment G1 decreased the total content of volatile compounds in fruits，whereas treatment G2 increased it．The primary characteristic volatile compounds in mature fruits of G1，G2，and CK were terpenoids，ketones，heterocyclic compounds，aldehydes，alcohols，and esters．Compared with CK，treatments G1 and G2 alter the types or quantities of aroma-active compounds a little in mature thin-skinned melon fruits，but differences were observed in the total content and composition of volatile compounds．The major characteristic compounds screened from G1，G2，and CK were consistent，including the terpenoid β-ionone，the ketone dihydro-2-methyl-3（2 H）-furanone，the alcohol benzyl mercaptan，the heterocyclic compound 2，3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine，and the ester 2-phenethyl 3-methylbutyrate．

In order to explore the alleviation effect of exogenous 2，4-epibrassinolide（EBR）on ginger under drought stress，potted‘Zhugenjiang’was used as material，and drought stress and EBR treatment were carried out during the vigorous growth period．Five treatments of normal water supply（CK），drought stress（DS）and spraying different concentrations of EBR（0.2，0.4，0.6 mg·L^-1）under drought stress were set up to analyze the effects of EBR on the growth，yield and quality of ginger．The results showed that drought stress significantly inhibited the growth of ginger，resulting in the decrease of plant height，stem diameter，branch number，SPAD value，ginger bulb number，yield per plant，rhizome dry matter content and vitamin C content．At 31 days of stress，the plant height growth，stem diameter growth and branch number of DS treatment decreased by 74.7%，91.2% and 28.9%，respectively，compared with CK．Spraying 0.4 mg · L-1EBR could effectively alleviate the above-mentioned inhibitory effects，and increase the number of ginger balls，fresh weight per plant and yield per plant by 138.9%，95.7% and 68.9%，respectively．At the same time，the contents of dry matter，vitamin C and soluble sugar were significantly increased，but the contents of gingerol and soluble protein were decreased．Principal component analysis showed that plant height，stem diameter，number of ginger balls，fresh weight per plant and yield per plant were the main factors of yield．0.4 mg·L^-1 EBR treatment could improve the quality indexes such as dry matter，gingerol，vitamin C，cellulose and soluble sugar content．In conclusion，foliar application of 0.4 mg·L^-1 EBR can significantly alleviate the inhibition effect of drought stress on ginger growth and improve yield and quality．

In order to explore the effects of mepiquat chloride（DPC）on the growth and endogenous hormones of pumpkin plants and its regulatory mechanism，the Indian pumpkin was used as the experimental material，and its seedling leaves were sprayed different concentrations（0.3，0.4，0.5 g · L-1 ）of DPC（T1- T3 treatment），in early spring the greenhouse，and the same amount of water was sprayed as the control （CK）．The growth indexes of seedling internode length，plant height，endogenous hormone levels and gene expression were measured．The results indicated that compared with CK，the internode length of T1-T3 treatment were reduced by 2.70，1.90 and 1.60 cm on 40 days after sowing，2.77，3.22 and 3.19 cm on 80 days after sowing，and 0.07，4.03 and 4.01 cm on 100 days after sowing，respectively．The internode length of T2 treatment was at the lowest value，which was significantly different from CK．The contents of auxin （IAA），ethylene（ETH）and gibberellin（GA）in internode of Indian pumpkin seedlings treated with T1- T3 were lower than CK，and with increasing of mepiquat chloride concentration，the contenst of IAA，ETH and GA all showed that they were decreasing firstly，and then increasing．Among them，the contents of three hormones in T2 treatment were the lowest，which was significantly different from CK．In the transcriptome analysis，a total of 5 026 differentially expressed genes were screened among the three treatments，including 2 476 up-regulated genes and 2 550 down-regulated genes．GO enrichment analysis showed that the differently expressed genes were significantly enriched in membrane，the component of the membrane，and the internal components of the membrane，KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differently expressed genes focused on plant hormone signal transduction，plant-pathogen interaction，and MAPK signaling pathway-plant metabolic pathways．In summary，spraying 0.4 g · L-1 of DPC three times on the leaves at the seedling of pumpkin had a better effect on the regulation of plant type at the seedling stage.

Mian ginger were used as the test material，conventional fertilization treatment was used as the control（CK），three treatments were adopted as follows：TF is compost of tomato stem and leaf application， TF-BV is compost of tomato stem and leaf application with Bacillus velezensis，TF-BS is compost of tomato stem and leaf application with Bacillus subtilis．The effects of applying compost and beneficial microbial agents on ginger growth and environment of the root zone were studied．The results showed that compared with CK，TF-BS treatment significantly promoted the ginger plant growth and increased the yield，and the content of available potassium in the root zone soil also significantly increased．TF-BV treatment significantly increased the total flavonoid content，with an increase of 63.58%．TF treatment significantly increased the contents of 6-shogaol and total flavonoids in ginger，with increases ratio of 12.04% and 64.19%，respectively． Moreover，the contents of total nitrogen，hydrolyzable nitrogen，and total phosphorus in the soil of TF treatment also significantly increased．Analysis of soil microbial diversity revealed that the Chao1 index and Observed_species index of the TF-BV treatment and TF-BS treatment were significantly higher than those of the TF treatment．All three treatments increased the relative abundances of Bacillus，Bacteroidetes and AG11 compared to the control．Therefore，applying tomato plants composts mix with microbial agents in the root zone soil can not only increase the yield of ginger and improve its nutritional quality，but also enrich the species diversity of the bacterial community in soil and improve the structure of the soil bacterial community.

To identify the pathogen causing gummy stem blight on muskmelon in Liaoning Province，the diseased muskmelon plants were collected from four major melon-producing regions，including Shenyang，Panjin，Fushun and Fuxin．The pathogen was obtained via single-spore isolation，and its pathogenicity was verified following Koch’s postulates．Its taxonomic status was determined through comprehensive analysis of morphological characteristics，triplex PCR-specific amplification，and multi-gene（ITS，TuB-2，CAL， and CHS）phylogenetic analysis．The results showed that：the isolated pathogen formed white to dark green concentric-ring colonies on oatmeal agar；no spores were produced on either oatmeal agar or PDA medium， but pycnidia and conidia were observed on cucumber． Pycnidia were spherical to oblate，with diameters of 137-150 μm；conidia were aseptate and hyaline，averaging 2.43 μm × 5.37 μm in size；perithecia were dark brown，flask-shaped or spherical，with an average size of 87.50-112.50 μm，the ascospores were colorless， transparent，short rod-shaped or spindle-shaped，with an average size of 10.86 μm × 4.73 μm；Triple-PCR yielded specific bands of 360，270，and 220 bp；and the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed from multi-gene sequences clustered the isolates with Stagonosporopsis citrulli．This study is the first to confirm Stagonosporopsis citrulli as the causal agent of muskmelon gummy stem blight in Liaoning Province， providing a scientific basis for regional disease management strategies．

Using the semi-heading lettuce cultivar‘Italian’as experimental material，a hydroponic study was conducted in a plant factory．Three foliar spray treatments were applied：5.0 g · L^-1 calcium chloride（T1），50.0 mg · L^-1 nano-silica（T2），and a combination of 5.0 g · L^-1 calcium chloride plus 50.0 mg · L^-1 nano-silica （T3）．The effects on growth，quality，antioxidant enzyme activity，and tipburn control were investigated．The results showed that foliar spraying with 5.0 g · L^-1 calcium chloride or 50.0 mg · L^-1 nano-silica generally promoted growth，improved quality，enhanced antioxidant defense capacity，and effectively controlled tipburn in lettuce．Moreover，the combined spray treatment（T3）exhibited significantly better effects than either single-agent spray．Under T3，lettuce achieved the highest leaf calcium content〔0.82 mmol · g^-1（FW）〕，which was significantly higher than that of the control（CK）as well as T1 and T2．Compared with CK，T3 also resulted in significantly lower incidence of tipburn-affected plants，lower average number of diseased leaves per plant，and lower disease index，with no grade Ⅱ diseased plants observed．The contents of chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll，vitamin C，flavonoids，and soluble protein were all significantly increased under T3 treatment，with 128.57%，39.39%，77.98%，77.94% and 26.47% higher than CK，respectively．Additionally，T3 exhibited the highest activities of peroxidase（POD）and superoxide dismutase（SOD），and the lowest hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）content．These findings provide a practical technical solution for the control of tipburn disease in hydroponic lettuce production．

To explore the effects of seed soaking with different concentrations of 3-hydroxydecanoic acid（3-HDA）on the germination of aged watermelon seeds and the growth of soaked seedlings，the watermelon cultivar‘Zhemi No.8’was used as the test material．The germination characteristics were analyzed by determining indicators such as seed germination rate，root length，and stem diameter；principal component analysis was conducted on traits including seedling root length，plant height，stem diameter，shoot fresh weight，root fresh weight，shoot dry weight and root dry weight and to clarify the role of this substance in seedling growth．The results showed that seed soaking with 5 mg · L^-1 3-HDA could significantly improve the germination rate，root length，and stem diameter of aged watermelon seeds；seed soaking with 2 mg · L^-1 3-HDA could promote the growth of watermelon soaked seedlings to the maximum extent．To further explore the suitable concentration of 3-HDA under different cultivation modes，relevant indicators of root morphology under hydroponic conditions and seedling growth morphology indicators under substrate cultivation were determined．The results indicated that foliar spraying of 30 mg · L^-1 3-HDA under substrate cultivation and root application of 40 mg · L^-1 3-HDA under hydroponic conditions achieved the best effects，both efficiently promoting the growth of watermelon seedlings．The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the cultivation of robust watermelon seedlings and the green and high-quality production of the watermelon industry．

High temperatures in summer in subtropical regions can easily suppress the growth of greenhouse-grown fruit cucumbers，leading to a decline in yield．Exploring suitable soilless cultivation models can help alleviate high-temperature stress and enhance the stress resistance and productivity of cucumbers during the summer in intelligent glass greenhouses．By setting up two soilless cultivation treatments，namely a mixed substrate（T1，coconut coir∶vermiculite∶perlite = 3V∶1V∶1V）and all perlite（T2），and growing fruit cucumbers in intelligent glass greenhouses during the summer，the effects of different cultivation substrates on their agronomic traits，root morphology，physiological and biochemical characteristics，quality and yield were systematically compared．The results showed that in terms of agronomic traits，compared with T2 treatment，T1 treatment had a higher plant height in the middle and late growth stages，with a 13.29% increase on the 48th day after sowing，which was extremely significant．The T2 treatment performed better in stem diameter，maximum leaf length，and maximum leaf width，with increases of 9.65%，14.71%，and 16.22% on the 48th day，which were significant or extremely significant．In terms of root systems，T2 treatment had longer roots，larger root surface area，and greater root volume in the middle and late growth stages，with increases of 25.5%，34.9%，and 27.1% respectively on the 48th day compared to T1 treatment，all of which were extremely significant．Moreover，T2 treatment had higher SOD and CAT activities and lower malondialdehyde content in the roots，indicating stronger stress resistance．Only the epidermis and cortex cells of the root cross-section were slightly damaged and the morphology was slightly irregular．In terms of physiological and biochemical indicators，in the middle and late growth stages，the content of soluble sugar，soluble starch，and total starch in the roots，leaves，and fruits of T1 treatment was significantly higher than that of T2 treatment，with increases of 15.46%，10.19%，and 13.69% respectively in the fruits on the 48th day．In terms of yield，T2 treatment reached 18 862 g per 0.5 m2，which was 43.59% higher than T1 treatment，and the difference was significant．In conclusion，all perlite nutrient solution cultivation（T2 treatment）has significant comprehensive advantages in summer intelligent greenhouses and is more suitable for the efficient summer production of fruit cucumbers．

To investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin（MT）on the growth and physiological characteristics of Phaseolus vulgarisseedlings under drought stress，this experiment used the common bean cultivar‘Huangguan’（Crown）as the test material．Drought stress was simulated using 10% polyethylene glycol（PEG-6000），and the leaves were sprayed with different concentrations（10，50，100，150，and 200 μmol · L^-1 ）of melatonin solution．Growth，physiological，and biochemical parameters were assessed． Under drought stress，150 μmol · L^-1 MT increased plant height，root length，aboveground and belowground biomass，and relative leaf water content by 37.24%，10.02%，66.58%，53.67%，28.61%，32.79%，and 22.30 percentage points，respectively．MDA content decreased by 56.69%，while proline，soluble sugar， and protein increased by 171.84%，25.06%，and 25.06%．Compared with the control，150 μmol · L^-1 MT enhanced chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，carotenoids，and total chlorophyll by 15.18%，22.72%，18.37%， and 20.40%．SOD，POD，CAT，and APX activities rose by 51.85%，135.04%，76.94%，and 153.51%． In summary，150 μmol · L^-1 MT promotes seedling growth，boosts antioxidants and osmotic regulators，and reduces membrane lipid peroxidation to improve drought tolerance．

To assess the resistance levels of Botrytis cinerea collected from tomato in Liaoning Province to eight fungicides，namely carbendazim，procymidone，prochloraz，pyrimethanil，azoxystrobin，boscalid，fenhexamid and fludioxonil，the discriminatory dose method was employed to determine the fungicide resistance of B. cinerea populations collected in 2010，2016 and 2023，and the target proteins of multidrugresistant isolates were analyzed．The results showed that in 2010，B. cinerea isolates exhibited no resistance to boscalid，fenhexamid，or fludioxoni，but developed single or multiple resistance to the other five fungicedes．Among them，the triple-resistant subgroup（Car^RProcy^RPyr^RFlu^SProch^SAzo^SBos^SFen^S）conferring resistance to carbendazim，procymidone，and pyrimethanil was dominant，accounting for 40.48% of the total tested isolates，and no isolates exhibiting resistance to more than three fungicides were detected．In 2016，B. cinerea isolates showed no resistance to fenhexamid，but developed single or multiple resistance to the remaining seven fungicide，with triple-resistant isolates still representing the predominant subgroup，while quadruple-，quintuple-，and sextuple-resistant isolates were identified．In 2023，B. cinerea isolates developed single or multiple resistance to all eight fungicides，and one isolate resistant to seven fungicides（excluding fenhexamid）was identified. Analysis of target proteins β-tubulin，Cytb，Bos1，SDHB，CYP51 and Erg27 in multidrugresistant isolates revealed amino acid point mutations in all targets except CYP51．Collectively，these findings indicate that with the passage of years，the proportion of isolates exhibiting single resistance decreased，and the population gradually evolved toward multidrug resistance，with multidrug-resistant isolates evolved from triple resistance towards higher levels of resistance. Furthermore，carbendazim，procymidone，pyrimethanil and azoxystrobin have essentially lost efficacy against B. cinerea in Liaoning. Rational application of prochloraz and boscalid is required to delay the resistance development，while fludioxonil still maintains satisfactory control efficacy．

Bemisia tabaci is a globally significant agricultural pest that causes substantial economic damage to a variety of crops through direct feeding and virus transmission．Flupyradifurone and pymetrozine are two novel and highly effective insecticides for the control of B. tabaci．To evaluate the sublethal effects of these insecticides on B. tabaci，this study assessed their impacts on adult longevity，fecundity，and detoxification enzyme activity under sublethal doses（LC10，LC30，LC50）using a feeding method．The results showed that both flupyradifurone and pymetrozine treatments significantly reduced adult longevity and egg production compared to the control group．Regarding detoxification enzyme activity，carboxylesterase（CarE），glutathione S-transferase（GST），and mixed-function oxidase（MFO）exhibited differential responses to the two insecticides：flupyradifurone significantly induced MFO and CarE activity，while pymetrozine primarily influenced GST and MFO activity．This study demonstrates that sublethal concentrations of flupyradifurone and pymetrozine can suppress B. tabaci population growth，highlighting their potential utility in integrated pest management（IPM）programs.

To alleviate the contradiction between national ecological conservation and groundwater overexploitation in the cold and arid region of North China by optimizing the planting structure，this study takes multiple-cropping production systems as the research object．By adopting sampling surveys and field monitoring methods，data such as production costs，benefits，and water consumption of 9 major crops in the study area were collected．The benefits and water footprints of crop production were calculated，and the interrelationship and mechanism of action between them were further revealed．Statistical analyses based on resource input and target output of each crop show that the three farmland indicators，namely cost input，cost-benefit ratio and water consumption per unit benefit，present a synergistic change trend towards intensive farming among different crops．The crop production structure that covaries with increased input has become a key mechanism for the increasing returns of input and the continuous improvement of benefits per unit water consumption．The comparison indicates that crops such as greenhouse kidney bean，onion，celery and broccoli have high economic benefits and low water footprints，which can be prioritized for selection and allocation in regional water-efficient production．The results can provide a reference for technological innovation of multi-cropping production systems to improve resource utilization efficiency through the optimization and upgrading of crop structure under the background of resource scarcity．

‘Zhuochunbai No.2’is a new overwintering Chinese cabbage F₁ hybrid developed by crossing the cytoplasmic male sterile line‘Rgq4-3’as female parent and the inbred line‘LZC-27’as male parent．It has a growth period of about 135 days，with a compact plant type，plant height of about 42 cm，and spread of about 41 cm．The head is loosely folded and cylindrical，with an average head height of 37.70 cm and diameter of 12.40 cm，the inner leaves are pale yellow．The outer leaves are green with strongly wrinkled surfaces，and the petioles are greenish-white．The single plant net weight is about 1.70 kg，and the net yield is about 57 t · hm^-2．It is moderate resistance to turnip mosaic virus（TuMV），and strong bolting tolerance．It is suitable for overwintering cultivation in Guizhou，Sichuan，Yunnan，and Chongqing.

‘Xinkang No.1’is a new mid-early maturing watermelon F₁ hybrid developed by crossing the inbred line‘TS-6’as female parent and the inbred line‘TS-3’as male parent．The total growth period is about 90 days，with a fruit development period of about 33 days．The plant exhibits vigorous growth，with first female flower node positioned at 5-7th on the main vine．The fruit is round，with single fruit weight of 3.2-3.6 kg．The rind is smooth and wax-free，displaying a light yellowish-green background covered with broad green stripes．The stripe intervals are relatively wide with irregular edges，and irregular light green patches are distributed between the stripes．The rind thickness is about 1.0 cm，with moderate hardness and high toughness．The flesh is peach-red，sandy-textured，soft and crisp，with a sweet and juicy flavor．The average soluble solid content in center is 10.4%，and 9.3% near rind．The yield is about 55.5 t · hm^-2 ．It is suitable for spring open-field cultivation，as well as for early spring or late autumn protected cultivation in Gansu，Inner Mongolia，Xinjiang，Shaanxi，and Ningxia．

Mengwushu No.5’is a new fresh-eating potato variety developed through sexual hybridization using‘Jizhangshu No.12’as the female parent and‘Xisen No.6’as the male parent，followed by clonal identification and multi-generation screening．The plant has a semi-upright type，with strong growth vigor，average plant height of 83.92 cm，stout main stems，and few branches．The tuber is oval-shaped，with slightly rough skin，yellow skin and yellow flesh，medium-depth eyes．It features shallow and concentrated tuber setting，with an average of 4.68 tubers per plant，a single tuber weight of 226.56 g，and a commercial tuber rate of 81.07%．The yield is about 45 t · hm^-2．It is a late-maturing，with a growth period of approximately 100 days．It demonstrates strong drought resistance，and resistant to PVY．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in spring in Hohhot，Ulanqab，Baotou，Xilingol of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，Zhangjiakou of Hebei Province，and Datong of Shanxi Province．

‘Bashanhuang No.1’is a new daylily variety developed via sexual crossing and subsequent systematic selection，using‘Zaosiyue’，a local landrace from Qidong，Hunan Province，as female parent and wild germplasm‘hh1103’from Hulunbuir，Inner Mongolia as male parent．It is an early-maturing，with whole growth duration of about 300 days．Its spring seedling growth period lasts about 170 days，summer dormancy period around 20 days，and autumn seedling growth period about 110 days．It presents a medium loose growth habit，moderate tillering ability，with about 16 leaves at mature stage．The inflorescence has 3-5 branches，with 20-45 flower buds per inflorescence．The flower bud is golden yellow，with average single bud fresh weight of 3.0 g，and bud length of 12.0 cm．The soluble sugar content is 0.47%，crude protein content is 23.2 g · kg^-1 ，vitamin C content is 51.9 mg · kg^-1 ，total free amino acids content is 4.55 μmol · g^-1 ， and β-carotene content is 3 980 μg · kg^-1 ．The fresh flower yield is about 10.2 t · hm^-2 ．It is suitable for cultivation in plain and mid-mountain areas of Sichuan Province and other ecologically similar regions．