This study examines the advancements and evolving trends within China’s vegetable industry by analyzing national science and technology award projects in the vegetable sector from 2000 to 2023．During this timeframe，45 projects in the vegetable sector received awards，predominantly the Second Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress，with the annual number of awarded projects remaining stable．Approximately 60% of the awarded achievements were concentrated in genetic breeding，with notably exceptional outcomes in the breeding of crops such as pepper，Chinese cabbage，tomato，and potato．Each of these crops has garnered four or more project awards．The average age of the primary award recipients was 53.3 years，with young and middle-aged researchers serving as the principal drivers of innovation．Universities，along with national and provincial research institutions，emerged as central innovation hubs，and collaboration among industry，academia，and research entities has been increasingly strengthened．Currently，China has attained significant advancements in various domains，including germplasm resource innovation，breakthroughs in breeding technology，optimization of cultivation methods，pest and disease management，and enhancements in processing technology．Nonetheless，there remain gaps in fundamental research and the original innovation of frontier technologies．Moving forward，it is imperative to intensify foundational research in areas such as vegetable genomics，gene cloning，and functional analysis；develop innovative breeding technologies to efficiently produce breakthrough varieties；and bolster the innovation and application of key technologies throughout the entire vegetable industry chain．These efforts aim to enhance the international competitiveness of China’s vegetable industry and foster its sustainable development．

Sweet potato is a significant grain and economic crop in China．By the conclusion of 2024，China had submitted a total of 557 applications for novel sweet potato varieties，of which 305 were approved．This paper undertakes an analysis of the current status and existing issues regarding the protection of new sweet potato varieties in China．The results indicate that applications and authorisations for sweet potato variety rights primarily originated from the East China region，with a total of 269 applications and 156 authorisations respectively．The mean duration of authorisation for sweet potato variety rights was 3.28 years．Among different applicant entities，domestic research institutions submitted the highest number of applications and received the most authorizations，with 455 applications and 235 authorizations respectively．A thorough analysis of the current state of sweet potato variety rights protection reveals several issues that require attention．Primarily，applications for variety rights are predominantly filed by research institutes，with limited corporate participation．Additionally，the geographical distribution of variety rights is uneven，with a low proportion of foreign variety applications．The examination and authorization cycle is lengthy，and the efficiency of review and coordination by approval agencies needs improvement．Finally，innovation coverage for new varieties remains insufficient．In light of the challenges that currently exist，the following recommendations are made：the protection of new sweet potato varieties should be strengthened，the allocation of resources should be
optimised，a germplasm resource sharing mechanism should be established，the database of known sweet potato varieties and the fingerprint database should be enhanced，the restructuring of sweet potato varieties should be advanced，and variety quality should be improved．Innovation in the protection of new sweet potato varieties should be further promoted．

Based on research，this study analyzes the current development status of edible mushroom seed industry in Henan Province．It identifies prominent problems，including a shortage of talents in breeding and production technologies，insufficient breeding technology system and level that fail to meet industrial demands，inadequate strain expansion techniques，inadequate regulatory and service，and serious deficiencies in the breeding capabilities of enterprises．Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed such as strengthening the collection，protection and utilization of germplasm resources，consolidating talent support，increasing foundation and application research，strictly regulating the technical process of strain propagation，enhancing the breeding innovation ability of strain enterprises，and optimizing development environment．

As one of the core advantageous production regions for thin-skinned sweet melons，Jilin Province has seen sweet melon cultivation evolve into a crucial driver for increasing farmers’income，enhancing agricultural efficiency，and promoting rural development．With the rapid expansion of the industry，sweet melon production across various regions in Jilin has undergone significant transformations．To gain an in-depth understanding of the current development status of Jilin’s sweet melon industry，an investigation was conducted through field visits and in-depth inquiries．This study analyzes and summarizes the prominent issues existing in the industry，such as a low degree of industrialization and relatively backward production technology．Corresponding development countermeasures are proposed，including fostering new types of agricultural business entities，increasing scientific and technological investment and strengthening technical training，and optimizing sales channels，so as to provide strong support for the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas．

Downy mildew，caused by the oomycete Peronospora destructor（Berk.）Casp.，is the most destructive fungal disease of onion（Allium cepa L.），often resulting in severe yield losses in bulb and seed production．A comprehensive understanding of the current research advances on this pathosystem is essential for effective disease management．Here，we summarize the previous study to provide an up-to-date review that covers：（i）the economic impact and symptomatology of onion downy mildew；（ii）the infection cycle and epidemic patterns；（iii）advances in resistance breeding；（iv）transcriptomic and genomic resources for both host and pathogen；（v）forecasting and diagnostic tools for outbreak detection；and（vi）contemporary control strategies．We further analyze the main challenges in current research on onion downy mildew and outline prospects for future development．This review is intended to provides a roadmap for fundamental research and science-based，sustainable management of onion downy mildew．

As a globally significant economic crop，lettuce plays an important role in vegetable cultivation．However，abiotic stresses severely affect the growth and quality of lettuce，resulting in substantial economic losses．Breeding resistant varieties is one of the most effective approaches for lettuce to cope with abiotic stresses，and the identification of stress-resistance genes is a prerequisite for resistance breeding．Currently，the identification of resistance genes has become a research hotspot for improving the response of lettuce to abiotic stresses．This review summarizes the genes and their functions related to lettuce responses to heat，cold，drought，and heavy metal stresses，providing a reference for enhancing stress resistance research in lettuce．

This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

Lateral branch development is a crucial agronomic trait that shapes the morphology of cucumber plants，directly influencing planting density，management efficiency，and overall yield．In this study，we constructed an F₂ genetic population from an infinite-growth inbred line‘1394’and a determinate-growth inbred line‘1395’to map and analyze the key regulatory genes involved in lateral branch growth．Our phenotypic assessments revealed that the determinate growth of cucumber lateral branches is controlled by a dominant gene pair．Initial mapping efforts identified a candidate gene for this trait within a 9.21 Mb region（16.67-25.88 Mb）on chromosome 6，utilizing bulked segregant analysis by sequencing（BSA-seq）．Through further fine-mapping with high-density molecular markers and the screening of recombinant individuals，we refined the mapped interval to a 290 kb genomic segment（23.24-23.53 Mb）．Bioinformatics analysis of wholegenome resequencing data identified three key candidate genes（CsaV3_6G040280，CsaV3_6G040440，and CsaV3_6G040540）located within this refined region．This study provides essential genetic evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cucumber lateral branch development and presents significant implications for the breeding of novel cucumber varieties tailored for high-density cultivation．

To enrich the variety of edible large-flowered chrysanthemums in Kaifeng and to identify cultivars with favorable taste，high nutritional value，and excellent ornamental traits，seven new large-flowered chrysanthemum varieties were evaluated alongside two existing edible cultivars and one ornamental variety as controls．Various nutritional indicators were analyzed，and a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional quality across cultivars was conducted using principal component analysis，membership function analysis，and cluster analysis．The results showed that among the ten chrysanthemum varieties，the relative water content ranged from 82.03% to 89.97%，vitamin C content from 195.09 to 412.12 mg · kg^-1，anthocyanin content from 0.26 to 66.69 mg · kg^-1，soluble protein content from 0.017 to 0.115 mg · g^-1，and soluble sugar content from 17.50 to 26.95 mg · g^-1．Among the 16 amino acids detected，seven were essential amino acids，and eight were umami/sweetness amino acids．The ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids（E/T）ranged from 10.91% to 41.03%，while the ratio of total essential amino acids to total non-essential amino acids（E/N）varied between 12.25% and 69.58%．Mineral element content，amino acid content，vitamin C content，soluble protein content，and relative water content were identified as key indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of nutritional quality in edible chrysanthemums．Based on the classification and evaluation of overall nutritional quality，the ten chrysanthemum varieties were categorized into five grades：extremely high，relatively high，moderate，relatively low，and extremely low nutritional density．Five chrysanthemum varieties with
high ornamental value，edibility，and superior nutritional quality were selected：‘DJ21-D（2）-25’，‘DJ21-B-4’，‘Bianliangjiaoxiu’，‘Bianliangjiaoyun’，and‘Bianliangzique’．Their nutritional quality exceeds that of existing edible chrysanthemum varieties such as‘Taiyanglu’and‘Jinsihuangju’．

The present study investigated the effects of heat stress on the physiological traits of different cucumber varieties to establish a heat tolerance evaluation system based on photosynthetic phenotypic parameters．Morphological and photosynthetic indexes were measured to analyze the impacts of heat stress on eight cucumber varieties at the seedling stage．Heat tolerance of the varieties was comprehensively evaluated using the membership function method，principal component analysis（PCA），and regression analysis．The results showed that compared with the normal temperature control（day/night temperature 25 ℃/20 ℃），the aboveground fresh weight and dry weight of most cucumber germplasm decreased，and the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly reduced．For all germplasm，the maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv /Fm）of photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）and net photosynthetic rate（Pn）were significantly decreased，while the intercellular CO2 concentration（Ci）was significantly increased under high-temperature stress（day/night temperature 43 ℃ /34 ℃）．Three principal components explained a cumulative variance contribution rate of 93.106%．Using the membership function method，the comprehensive evaluation value（D）for heat tolerance of cucumber germplasm was calculated，with D values ranging from 0.134 to 0.752. Based on these D values，the cucumber materials were classified into four heat tolerance types：strong heat tolerance，moderate heat tolerance，low heat tolerance，and heat sensitivity．Multiple regression analysis identified four key heat tolerance evaluation indexes，namely aboveground fresh weight，aboveground dry weight，Fv /Fm，and Pn．Correlation analysis of all traits was also performed，and a prediction model for cucumber heat tolerance was established．This study provides a solid theoretical basis for the screening of heattolerant cucumber resources．

This study focuses on the ridge transplantation process with high labor costs，investigating robust seedling standards and efficient nursery techniques compatible with mechanical transplantation，as well as optimizing existing cultivation patterns for mechanized transplantation，thereby providing technical support for enhancing mechanized Chinese cabbage production．Using‘Beijing New No.3’and‘Jingchunwa No.3’as experimental subjects，through analyzing the effects of four different cell tray specifications（72，105，128，and 200 cells）and microbial agent（Bacillus subtilis）application on seedling growth，robust seedling index，and mechanical transplantation adaptability，a nursery solution suitable for mechanized transplantation of Chinese cabbage was identified，facilitating mechanized production．Results indicate that cell tray specifications significantly influence seedling quality．The 72-cell tray notably promoted aboveground growth and robust seedling index in‘Jingchunwa No.3’，with leaf area increasing by approximately 28.3% compared to the 128-cell tray and robust seedling index improving by 39.8% compared to the 200-cell tray，though root ball formation was delayed by 6 days．The 200-cell tray exhibited inhibited upper development but significantly superior root-to-shoot ratio compared to other treatments，with root ball formation meeting mechanical transplantation requirements 18 days after emergence．The impact of different cell specifications on‘Beijing New No.3’was fundamentally similar to that on‘Jingchunwa No.3’．For the same cell specification，microbial agent application generally promoted root growth，enhanced robust seedling index，and accelerated root ball formation．For instance，the qualified rate of root ball integrity in 128-cell trays increased from 30% to 90%，while the robust seedling index in 200-cell trays improved by 45%．Considering both economic efficiency and transplanting adaptability，the 200-hole plug tray combined with a substrate supplemented with microbial agents not only shortens the seedling cycle to 18 days，but also increases the seedling quantity per unit area by 177%．At the same time，it significantly reduced the seedling production cost．Therefore，this approach is recommended as the Chinese cabbage seedling production scheme for mechanical transplanting with manual seedling placement．

A spring-autumn two-crop rotational greenhouse cultivation pattern of cucumber and tomato was performed，with cucumber as the test material．After pulling tomato seedlings in autumn in the greenhouse，four treatments were carried out，non-returning straw and topdressing once and twice（CK1，CK2），returning straw and topdressing once and twice（T1，T2）．The effects of returning tomato straw in greenhouse and reducing fertilizer application on the structure and diversity of the cucumber rhizosphere bacterial community were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR（qPCR）and high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing．The results showed that the returning straw significantly increased the abundance of cucumber rhizosphere bacterial communities compared with the non-returning straw．At 70 days after cucumber transplantation，the returning straw treatments significantly increased the number of OTUs compared with the non-returning treatments．PCoA analysis indicated significant differences in the rhizosphere bacterial community structure between returning straw and non-returning treatments．At the phylum level，the returning straw treatments（T1，T2）significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria compared with the non-returning treatments at 50 days after cucumber transplantation．At the genus level，the returning straw and topdressing once（T1）significantly increased the relative abundance of Phormidium compared with the non-returning treatments（CK1，CK2）and the returning straw and topdressing twice（T2）at 70 days after transplantation．At the OTU level，compared with non-returning straw treatments，returning straw significantly increased the relative abundances of potential phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria OTU9835（Geodermatophilus），OTU4210（Amycolatopsis），OTU9806（Flavisolibacter），and potential cellulose-degrading bacteria OTU3880（Rubrobacter）and OTU5007（Thermopolyspora）．Compared with non-returning straw and topdressing twice（CK2）and returning straw and topdressing twice（T2），the returning straw and topdressing once（T1）significantly increased the relative abundances of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria OTU9321（Haliangium），OTU8264（Adhaeribacter），OTU1834（Roseiflexus），and OTU9168（Sphingomonas）．In conclusion，returning tomato straw in greenhouse increased the abundance of cucumber rhizosphere bacteria and altered bacterial diversity．Returning straw combined with reducing fertilizer application increased the relative abundances of potential beneficial bacteria．

To address the dual challenges of agricultural waste management and cultivation substrate development in facility-based horticulture，this study employed microbial-assisted composting to recycle waste coconut coir and vegetable straw into value-added substrates．Five substrate blends were prepared by mixing the fermented product with commercial coconut coir at volume ratios of 10∶0，7∶3，5∶5，3∶7，and 0∶10（treatments A1-A5）．A commercial substrate（peat∶vermiculite∶perlite = 7V∶2V∶1V）was used as the control（CK）．We systematically evaluated the composting performance，physicochemical and nutritional properties of the recycled coir，as well as its effects on growth and fruit quality of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）throughout the entire growth cycle．The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the A1 and A2 composite substrates most closely resembled those of an ideal substrate．At the seedling stage，plant height and shoot fresh weight in A2 increased significantly by 19.4% and 26.2%，respectively，compared to CK．The root fresh weight and root length in A2 were both significantly greater than that in all other treatments，with the exception of CK．At the fruiting stage，the yield per plant under A2 reached 2 915.66 g，increased 51.2% compared to A5．The soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C content of fruits in A2 were significantly higher than those in A5，although nitrate accumulation was also higher（325.30 mg·kg^-1）．Principal component analysis indicated that A2 ranked second in comprehensive score for seedling-stage indicators（0.891），behind CK（1.206），and achieved the highest score in root-shoot development-related components．Moreover，A2 received the highest comprehensive score（2.711）for fruiting-stage indicators，reflecting its positive effects on shoot growth and fruit quality．The comprehensive cost of A2 was 32.3% lower than that of commercial coconut coir．In conclusion，the A2 composite substrate（recycled coconut coir：commercial coconut coir = 7V∶3V）can effectively replace traditional commercial substrates in cucumber soilless cultivation and is suitable for large-scale application．

To determine the optimal nitrogen application level for hydroponic pakchoi under protected cultivation，the cultivar‘Jinpinqingsong’was used as the test material．The nutrient film technique（NFT）was adopted，and five nitrogen levels〔1，5，10（CK），20，40 mmol · L^-1〕were set to investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates on growth indices，photosynthetic pigment contents，total nitrogen content，and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of pakchoi．The results showed that with the increase in nitrogen application rate，the leaf morphological indices，biomass，and total nitrogen content generally exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing．The contents of photosynthetic pigments and the effective quantum yield of PSⅡ（Fv′/Fm′）generally showed a trend of first increasing，then decreasing，and then increasing again．In contrast，the actual quantum efficiency of PSⅡ（ΦPSⅡ）and photochemical quenching coefficient（qP）generally presented a decreasing trend with increasing nitrogen application rate．Among all treatments，most indices reached their peaks after 28 days of treatment with 20 mmol · L^-1 nitrogen，indicating that moderate increase in nitrogen application effectively promoted leaf morphological development and photosynthesis of pakchoi，thereby improving biomass accumulation．By constructing a regression equation to fit the relationship between yield and nitrogen application rate，the optimal nitrogen application level for‘Jinpinqingsong’under protected hydroponic conditions was determined to be 21 mmol · L^-1，with the single plant yield reaching 96.05 g．

To investigate the effects of different LED light qualities on the growth，yield，and quality of Allium mongolicum Regel，a no-supplemental-light control（CK）was compared with six supplemental light treatments：white light（W），red light（R，660 nm），green light（G，520 nm），blue light（B，450 nm），red∶blue = 9∶1（RB9∶1），and red∶blue = 7∶3（RB7∶3）．Supplemental lighting was applied from the top for 5 hours nightly（18：30 to 23：30）in a solar greenhouse．Measurements included plant height，stem diameter，yield，flavonoid content，anthocyanin content，soluble sugar content，and ascorbic acid content．Results demonstrated that the RB7∶3 treatment significantly enhanced both quality and growth．Compared to CK，RB7∶3 increased flavonoid，anthocyanin，soluble sugar，sucrose，total phenol，and ascorbic acid contents by 73.25%，14.59%，24.76%，70.01%，36.74%，and 20.65%，respectively．Yield，plant height，and stem diameter increased by 54.55%，22.66%，and 12.97%，respectively．Concurrently，RB7∶3 effectively suppressed malondialdehyde（MDA）accumulation，reducing it by 12.81% versus CK．Pearson correlation analysis identified flavonoid content as a key indicator reflecting growth and quality．Principal component analysis ranked RB7∶3 highest in comprehensive evaluation score．Collectively，supplemental lighting significantly promotes Allium mongolicum Regel growth and improves its quality and yield，with RB7∶3 representing the optimal light environment regulation strategy．

In recent years，during the investigation of lotus root leaf diseases in Hubei production areas，it was found that a disease causing purple black spots on lotus leaves occurred extensively in Wuhan city．Morphological identification，molecular biology identification，and pathogenicity determination were carried out on the isolated pathogenic bacteria，and their biological characteristics were preliminarily studied. Indoor drug screening was conducted for the bacteria．The results showed that the pathogen causing lotus leaf purple spot disease in Wuhan was Curuularia lunata．Light is beneficial for the growth of pathogenic fungal hyphae．The suitable temperature range for the growth of pathogenic fungal hyphae is 25-35 ℃，and the suitable pH value is 5-11．The crescent mold has the best utilization effect on glucose and ammonium chloride，two carbon and nitrogen sources．Under indoor conditions，plate screening was conducted on five commonly used fungicides．The results showed that 50% carbendazim wettable powder had the best inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogenic fungal hyphae，with an EC50 value of 0.036 5 mg · L^-1．Next are 25% propiconazole emulsion and 50% ipratropium suspension，with EC50 values of 0.066 0 and 0.687 0 mg · L^-1，respectively．Taking all factors into consideration，50% carbendazim wettable powder is the optimal fungicide for preventing and treating this disease．The research results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of lotus leaf purple spot disease．

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that can serve as both a fungicide and an elicitor．Zucchini yellow mosaic virus（ZYMV）is a disease that severely affects the yield and quality of watermelon，and currently，there are no effective control methods available．To clarify the preventive and therapeutic effects of chitosan against ZYMV in watermelon，this study improved the application method of chitosan by shifting from a single foliar spray treatment to a combined approach of seed soaking followed by seedling spraying．The results demonstrated that chitosan at concentrations of 100，200，400，and 600 mg · L^-1 significantly promoted the growth of watermelon seedlings．Subsequently，when these seedlings were artificially inoculated with ZYMV，the incidence rate and disease index of seedlings treated with chitosan at all four concentrations were significantly lower than those of the sterile water control．Among them，chitosan at 600 mg · L^-1 exhibited the best growth-promoting and disease control effects．Further investigation into the disease resistance mechanism revealed that chitosan at 600 mg · L^-1 significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes（PPO，POD，CAT）and substantially increased the relative expression levels of watermelon disease resistance-related genes（ClNPR1，ClPR1a，ClWRKY46，ClWRKY30）．In summary，chitosan at 600 mg · L^-1 can enhance watermelon’s resistance to ZYMV and can be applied as an environmentally friendly bio-based pesticide in agricultural production．This study provides robust theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of ZYMV in watermelon．

Fruit firmness is one of the important commercial traits of eggplant．To investigate the genetic characteristics of fruit firmness and to improve the fruit firmness and breeding efficiency of eggplant，we used multi-generation analysis of a major gene plus polygene model．Six populations obtained from eggplant inbred line‘ 2138’（soft fruit）and inbred line‘ 2149’（firm fruit）were used for the analysis．Fruit firmness is controlled by nuclear genes，softness shows incomplete dominance to firmness，and fruit firmness has the basic characteristics of quantitative traits in eggplant．Fruit firmness was controlled by the two major genes plus polygene model during three growing seasons．The major gene heritability in the BC₁P₂ populations were the highest among the three separate populations，they were 48.68%，46.33% and 55.45%，respectively．They were all higher than the polygenic heritability. When selecting the fruit firmness trait in the BC₁P₂ population，the selection efficiency is relatively high．Our results provide important genetic information for breeding，which could guide improvement of fruit firmness and lay the foundation for quantitative trait loci mapping of the fruit firmness in eggplant．

The complex matrix of spinach interferes with the accuracy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay，ELISA）．In this study，the pre-treatment for spinach samples was improved through using methanol as an alternative extraction solvent to acetonitrile in combination with acetic acid-treatment．The results demonstrated that the terms of linearity（R² = 0.989 4），limit of detection（LOD = 6.11 μg ·L^-1），and sensitivity（43.76 μg · L^-1）of the methanol-organic solvent parathion ELISA was better than acetonitrile-organic solvent parathion ELISA（R² = 0.931 5，LOD = 9.39 μg ·L^-1，IC50 = 81.32 μg · L^-1）and ethyl acetate-organic solvent parathion ELISA（R² = 0.924 6，LOD = 51.67 μg ·L^-1，IC50 = 6.75 mg ·L^-1）．Furthermore，spinach samples underwent acid-treatment with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid and were compared with non-acid-treatment．Acetic acid-treatment significantly reduced matrix interference，yielding an average recovery rate ranging from 83.03% to 113.40%，superior to the average recovery rate of non-acidtreatment（87.67% - 143.77%），hydrochloric acid-treatment（48.69% - 72.07%）and formic-acid treatment（43.90% - 58.89%）．These results demonstrate that the improved QuEChERS effectively purifies the sample matrix and enhances the accuracy of parathion detection ELISA．

To investigate the effects of apple enzyme solution on the physicochemical properties of aeolian sandy soil，as well as the growth and quality of lettuce（Lactuca sativa L.），this study set clear water as the control（CK），and four treatments with apple enzyme solution diluted 50 times（T1），100 times（T2），150 times（T3），and 200 times（T4），respectively．The impacts of different concentrations of apple enzyme on the above-mentioned soil and plant indices were determined．The results showed that compared with CK，the application of apple enzyme solution at various concentrations significantly reduced the pH value of aeolian sandy soil，increased aeration porosity，and improved nutrient content．Meanwhile，it enhanced the activities of sucrase，urease，catalase，acid phosphatase，and alkaline phosphatase in the soil to different degrees．The T3 treatment was particularly beneficial to the growth and development of both above-ground and underground parts of lettuce，enhanced root vitality，promoted the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in leaves，increased the contents of soluble protein and vitamin C in leaves，and reduced the nitrate content in leaves．In conclusion，the application of apple enzyme can improve the nutritional status of aeolian sandy soil，and promote the growth and quality enhancement of lettuce．This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of aeolian sandy soil and the improvement of lettuce nutritional quality．

Using the eggplant variety‘Heilongwang’as the test material，four calcium treatments were set up，including CK（0 kg · hm^-2），T1（199.5 kg · hm^-2），T2（400.5 kg · hm^-2）and T3（600 kg ·hm^-2）to investigate the effects of different calcium application rates on calciumabsorption，distribution，yield，and quality of greenhouse eggplants．The results showed that the activities of calcium dependent protein kinase（CDPK），calmodulin kinase（CAM），peroxidase（POD）and catalase（CAT）in the calcium treated group were higher than those in the control group，with T2 treatment showing the highest activity．Calcium application promotes the absorption and accumulation of calcium in eggplants，increasing the accumulation of calcium in various organs at different growth stages．At the same time，calcium application increases the calcium allocation rate of eggplant fruits．Compared with the control，calcium treatment has a significant effect on increasing yield and improving the quality of eggplant．Among them，T2 treatment had the best effect，the yield reached 154 192.80 kg · hm^-2），an increase of 46.61% compared to the control．Through Pearson correlation analysis，it was found that the calcium content in plants was significantly positively correlated with calcium metabolism enzyme activity，antioxidant enzyme activity，yield，soluble protein content，and VC content（P ＜ 0.05），and positively correlated with hardness，and negatively correlated with nitrate content．In summary，an appropriate amount of calcium application is beneficial for increasing the activity of calcium metabolism enzymes and antioxidant enzymes，improving calcium accumulation metabolism，promoting the distribution of calcium to fruits，increasing eggplant yield，and improving eggplant fruit quality，T2（400.5 kg · hm^-2）treatment showed the best comprehensive performance．

In order to explore the application effect of strawberry special cultivation substrate（T1），we used traditional substrate（T2）and commercial substrate（T3）as controls to analyze the physical and chemical properties of different strawberry cultivation substrate formulations，study the effects of different cultivation substrates on the growth，quality and yield of strawberry in greenhouse，and conduct cost accounting at the same time. This results showed that the substrate bulk density，total porosity and gas-water ratio of each treatment were within the normal range of crops. In terms of growth and physiological indexes，the growth potential of strawberry plants treated with T3 was relatively strong，which was better than that of T1 and T2. There was no significant difference in the net photosynthetic rate of strawberry leaves under each treatment. The transpiration rate of leaves treated with T1 and T3 was significantly increased by 13.11% and 9.78%，respectively，compared with T2 treatment，and the difference was significant. The fruit sugar-acid ratio of T1 treatment was significantly increased by 72.75% and 68.36% compared with T2 and T3 treatment，and the difference was significant. The yield of T1 treatment was not significantly different from that of T2 and T3，but the yield of T3 treatment was 25.75% higher than that of T2. At the same time，it was calculated that
regardless of labor，transportation and other costs，the benefit per hectare of strawberry in T1 treatment was not significantly different from that in T2 treatment，which was 7.68% higher than that in T3 treatment. In summary，compared with T2 treatment，T1 treatment can improve the growth of strawberry and promote the improvement of fruit quality and yield to a certain extent，and reduce the use of non-renewable peat by 30 percentage points；compared with T3 treatment，the fruit quality of T1 treatment was better，and the price had certain advantages. In addition，the substrate of T1 treatment was not easy to decompose and break，and could be reused，with obvious economic and ecological benefits. 

‘Haifeng 108’is a new thick horned pepper F₁ hybrid developed by crossing double haploid （DH）line‘E19-43-2’as female parent and inbred line‘F19-13-3’as male parent．It is a mid-early maturing，with the first flowering node at around the 9th node．The plant shows strong growth vigor and good continuous fruiting ability．The fruit is thick and long horn shape，with an average length of about 32 cm，width of about 4.5 cm，flesh thickness of about 0.3 cm，and single fruit weight of about 150 g．The fruit peel is light green，smooth and shiny，with a straight shape and good commercial quality．The flesh is crisp and tender，with moderate spiciness and good taste．The VC content is 970.10 mg · kg^-1，soluble sugar content is 27.57 mg · g^-1，and capsaicin content is 1.16 μg · g^-1（DW）．It is tolerant to low temperature and weak light，and moderately resistant to TMV and CMV．The yield is 69-78 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for cultivation in early spring，autumn-delayed greenhouses，and overwintering greenhouses in northern China.

‘Yunchaotianjiao 157’is a new three-line hybrid pod pepper，bred with male sterile line‘（33B-1024）-4-3-1-1A’as female parent and restoring line‘04160002-6-1-1’as male parent．The plant has strong growth potential and branching ability，the average plant height is 76.0 cm，and first flower node is 10.8th node．The fruit exhibits a finger-like shape，classifying it as a medium-large pod pepper cultivar，with an average length of 10.20 cm，width of 1.27 cm，flesh thickness of 0.15 cm，and single fruit weight of 6.77 g．The commercial fruit color is fresh red，fruit hardness is high，fruit surface is smooth，gloss is good，spicy taste．The capsaicin content is 3 558.7 mg · kg^-1，and VC content is 1 704.3 mg · kg^-1．It is middle maturing，and a fresh pepper yield is about 22.5 t · hm^-2．Its resistance to viral disease and anthracnose are stronger than that of the contrast‘Yanhong’．It is suitable for spring and summer cultivation in Yunnan’s pod pepper production areas and similar climatic regions，as well as winter cultivation in hot areas such as Xishuangbanna．

‘Rongzaqie No.10’is a new heat-tolerant eggplant F₁ hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘0713-4’as female parent and‘ZF16’as male parent．It is a mid-early maturing，which exhibits vigorous growth during summer and autumn cultivation and maintains stable fruit traits under high-temperature stress．The plant height ranges from 120 to 135 cm，with a spreading width of about 80 cm．The leaves are medium-sized，slightly wrinkled，and dark green．The fruit is long-clavate，straight，with a slightly protruding fruit navel，average longitudinal diameter of 34.6 cm，transverse diameter of 6.9 cm，and single fruit weight of 354.7 g．The fruit skin is black-purple with uniform coloring，fruit surface is smooth and glossy，fruit calyx is blackpurple，while fruit flesh is greenish-white and delicate in texture，and the commodity quality is good．The yield is about 81 t · hm^-2．It has stronger resistance to Phomopsis vexans and Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica than that of control‘Heimowang’and‘Wanjinzaoqie’．It is suitable for open-field cultivation during summer and autumn in Sichuan Province and other regions with similar ecological conditions．

Based on the climatic conditions of high temperature and humidity in Bangladesh，the largefruited new watermelon F₁ hybrid‘Qinglong No.2（IQS-WJO35）’produced by crossing inbred line‘13-4-3’as female parent and‘25-5-4’as male parent．It is of medium-early maturing，with exhibits moderate to weak plant growth vigor，compact leaves，and fruit development period of about 30 days．The fruit is oblong，with a single fruit weight of about 7.1 kg．The rind is green with dark green jagged stripes，and the flesh is red，crisp and firm，with a central soluble solids content of about 12.1%．It demonstrates good heat tolerance and adaptability to high humidity conditions．The rind is tough and resilient，contributing to a long shelf life．The yield is about 48 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in Bangladesh．

This paper systematically sorts out the development context of the specialty vegetable industry in Beijing，analyzes its current status，profit models and challenges，and provides theoretical support and strategic suggestions for the industrial transformation and upgrading．Combining literature review and case analysis，the study integrates policy documents，industry reports and enterprise practices，and finds that the industry started with the introduction of foreign varieties in the 1990s，underwent upgrading and expansion driven by the 2008 Olympic Games，and has now entered a high-quality development stage characterized by diversification，functionalization and refinement．As of 2024，the planting area of specialty vegetables in the city is approximately 1 300 hectares，forming a system dominated by functional vegetables and local specialty varieties；the sales model is mainly based on‘traditional wholesale markets + direct supply to supermarkets’，supplemented by channels such as contract farming，CSA（Community Supported Agriculture），e-commerce and leisure picking. Currently，the high-profit models include‘specialty varieties + quality certification + short-chain direct sales’and‘organic certification + experience value-added’．However，the industry still faces bottlenecks：low degree of variety localization，insufficient stability of functional components，low level of production standardization，and limited brand influence．In response，this paper proposes to strengthen top-level design，implement the‘1 + N + N’regional layout strategy，deepen research on cultivation and quality control technologies，promote the construction of standards for the entire industrial chain，and enhance industrial added value and development resilience through brand building，marketing innovation and channel expansion，so as to drive the industry towards a‘ quality-and-efficiency-oriented’transformation．