During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

Seedling cultivation is the primary step in vegetable production．Technological innovation in seedling cultivation is a crucial component and an essential requirement for vegetable industry modernization．By using databases such as Wanfang Data，VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform，Science Direct，and SpringerLink，we searched the Sci-Tech literature related to vegetable seedling cultivation published by Chinese researchers from 2021 to 2025．The results show that research on vegetable seedling cultivation mainly focuses on application technology aspects such as seed treatment，regulation of growth and development，improvement of substrate properties，grafting healing and application effects，and grafting and transplanting equipment．However，the basic theoretical research on the molecular mechanisms of seedling growth and development is relatively weak．The development of a smart seedling system including environment and biological information perception，growth and development models，and intelligent equipment is urgently needed．

From the perspective of industrial cluster development，this paper sorts out the competitive advantages of the Dutch vegetable industry and provides a reference for the clustered development of China’s vegetable industry．By sorting out data and information such as the production scale，production and trading entities，and export scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，this paper explores their core competitive advantages．The results show that although the production scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters is small，they maintain a sound development trend．All links within the clusters cooperate closely with remarkable industrial benefits，and they have prominent advantages in vegetable seed industry development，production technological innovation，vegetable product quality，and entity collaboration efficiency．China should draw on the development experience of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，by establishing vegetable seed industry clusters，promoting production technological innovation，keeping pace with the domestic and foreign market demand trends，developing characteristic vegetable industries，and building high-value-added，highly competitive and sustainable vegetable industry clusters．

As a key supplier for the‘vegetable basket’in the Yangtze River Delta，Suzhou is shifting from manual labor to mechanization in vegetable production．While this shift supports the high-quality development of the local vegetable industry，it has also revealed several constraints that limit further progress．This study assesses the current state of mechanization in Suzhou’s vegetable production based on surveys of more than 30 producers across major agricultural districts，covering machinery purchase，usage，and aftersales service，combined with statistical data analysis．The results show a high penetration rate of agricultural machinery，yet nearly 10% of the equipment is rarely used in actual production．Mechanization levels vary considerably across different stages：land preparation is nearly fully mechanized，but planting and integrated irrigation-fertilization are only about 60% mechanized．Leafy vegetables such as cabbage and Chinese cabbage have relatively high mechanization rates，while fruiting vegetables like tomato and pumpkin still depend heavily on manual labor for planting and harvesting．Several factors constrain further mechanization in Suzhou，including fragmented production scales，non-standardized cultivation practices，inadequate infrastructure，poor machinery adaptability，and a shortage of skilled personnel．By analyzing the specific challenges faced by Suzhou，this paper proposes targeted recommendations and offers insights that may inform vegetable
mechanization strategies in other regions．

Against the backdrop of the global trend toward large-scale，intelligent，and green development in facility agriculture，China’s facility vegetable industry has become a crucial pillar in ensuring year-round vegetable supply and enhancing agricultural efficiency．As a typical hilly and mountainous region，Chongqing’s facility vegetable industry plays a significant role in stabilizing local ‘vegetable basket’ supply and supporting rural revitalization．However，constrained by complex terrain and a relatively weak agricultural foundation，its development still faces multiple challenges．This paper aims to systematically analyze the development status and core issues of Chongqing’s hilly and mountainous facility vegetable industry．Based on this analysis，it proposes a coordinated development pathway centered on‘goal orientation-direction focus–layout optimization’，with the goal of providing theoretical foundations and practical references for promoting high-quality development of facility agriculture in the southwestern hilly and mountainous regions．

The area of leafy vegetables unsuitable for storage in Beijing accounts for approximately 60% of the total area of leafy vegetables in the city，and their output makes up about 50% of the total output of leafy vegetables in the city．Moreover，they are diverse in variety and have played a positive role in the supply of vegetables in the Beijing market．In order to thoroughly understand the current production and sales situation of leafy vegetables unsuitable for storage in Beijing，relevant research was conducted．It was discovered that there were prominent shortcomings in the industrial structure of production，an incomplete technical system，and significant price differentiation in the market．Based on market orientation，we have proposed countermeasures and suggestions for expanding product categories，driving green transformation，and establishing a productionsales synergy system，with the aim of providing a basis for optimizing technical guidance and industrial layout，and promoting the increase in vegetable output value．

Cucurbit crops are important vegetable crops species with economic value in the world．Plant architecture traits determines planting density，cultivation management，adaptability to mechanized operations，and ultimately，yield and quality．Although extensive research on plant architecture regulatory has been conducted in model plants such as Arabidopsis，rice and maize，the understanding of regulatory mechanisms in cucurbits remains insufficient．This paper systematically reviews the research progress on plant architecture regulation in major cucurbit crops，including cucumber，watermelon，melon，and pumpkin．It covers key regulatory genes for architectural traits such as internode length，branching，determinant/indeterminant growth habit，leaf angle，leaf morphology，leaf size，and hypocotyl length．This review also delineates the intricate regulatory networks in cucurbits，which involve cross-talk among multiple phytohormone pathways such as gibberellin，auxin，and brassinosteroid．Furthermore，it examines how photoreceptors and temperatureresponsive factors modulate hormone homeostasis，thereby influencing plant plasticity．Ultimately，these mechanistic insights underpin molecular design breeding by enabling the rapid creation of novel compactarchitecture germplasm through modern molecular breeding and gene editing technologies．In the future，integrating multi-omics data on architecture regulation with smart breeding technologies will accelerate the development of new cucurbit varieties adapted to high-density planting，mechanized harvesting，and protected cultivation，thereby driving industry improvement in both quality and eddiciency．

The hybrid vigor of pepper is significant，and hybrid varieties generally increase yield by 30%-50% compared to conventional varieties，which is the practical basis for commercial breeding of pepper．The outcrossing rate is significantly correlated with the rate of stigma exsertion，and increasing the stigma exsertion rate of the parent plants to enhance the outcrossing rate，and thereby improve the efficiency of hybrid seed production，holds great potential for the commercial and efficient production of hybrid varieties．This article reviews research by domestic and international scholars on the genetic patterns，molecular mechanisms，environmental factors，and the regulatory effects of plant hormones on stigma exsertion rate．It also identifies the characteristics of pepper varieties with a high stigma exsertion rate and explores the genetic basis and mechanisms by which stigma exsertion rate regulates the outcrossing rate．This knowledge contributes to improving seed production efficiency and the progress of molecular breeding，and is also of great significance for understanding the growth and development patterns of peppers as well as the mechanisms of fruit and seed formation．

AAP transporter is the earliest identified plant amino acid transporter，with universal substrate specificity，capable of transporting acidic，neutral，and basic amino acids，playing a key role in amino acid absorption and source to sink transport．This experiment conducted bioinformatics analysis on the protein encoded by tomato SlAAP3 gene，studied its gene expression level under alanine addition and salt stress，and used overexpression technology to investigate the function of SlAAP3 under salt stress．The results showed that the tomato SlAAP3 encodes 476 amino acids，with a molecular weight of 52.59 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point（pI）of 8.81．It is a stable hydrophobic protein，mainly composed of alpha helices and irregular coils，as well as some extended chains．Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the SlAAP3 gene was significantly upregulated under salt stress and exogenous alanine treatment．GUS tissue expression localization shows that SlAAP3 is expressed in vascular bundle tissues such as phloem and xylem in leaves and responds to salt stress．Under salt stress，the overexpression of SlAAP3 in tomato plants resulted in significantly higher levels of antioxidant enzymes activity compared to the wild type，indicating that SlAAP3 is involved in regulating the antioxidant system of tomato plants to resist stress．

To establish and optimize an efficient protoplast differentiation and regeneration system for different genotypes of broccoli（Brassica oleracea L. var. italic），thereby providing technical support for subsequent biotechnological breeding approaches such as gene editing and somatic hybridization，this study primarily used cotyledons，true leaves，and hypocotyls of two broccoli genotypes（B1 and B16）as experimental materials．It systematically investigated the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis systems，pretreatment duration，and osmotic pressure conditions on protoplast isolation efficiency，and optimized the key parameters governing protoplast differentiation and regeneration．The main methodologies included the following：a single-factor experimental design was adopted to screen the optimal concentration combination of cellulase and pectinase；gradient pretreatment durations ranging from 12 h to 48 h were set to analyze the suitability of different tissue materials；mannitol was used as the osmotic stabilizer to optimize the appropriate concentrations of both the enzymatic hydrolysis solution and the washing buffer（W5）；a complete regeneration protocol was constructed through sequential processes of protoplast culture，callus induction，and differentiation culture．The results demonstrated that the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis system for broccoli protoplast isolation consisted of 0.8%（m/V）celluase R-10 + 0.1%（m/V）pectolyase Y-23，with a 13 h hydrolysis period sufficient to achieve complete enzymatic digestion of leaf tissues．Significant variations were observed in the optimal pretreatment durations among different tissue types：24-48 h for cotyledons，12-24 h for true leaves，and 48 h for hypocotyls．Under these optimized conditions，the protoplast yield reached 144 × 10⁵-195 × 10⁵ cells · g^-1（fresh weight，FW），with viability maintained at 91.5%-96.9%．Osmotic pressure adaptability analysis revealed that the optimal mannitol concentration in the enzymatic hydrolysis solution for cotyledon protoplasts
was 0.5 mol · L^-1，with the corresponding washing buffer being W5 solution containing 0 mol · L^-1 mannitol．In contrast，true leaf protoplasts required a higher osmotic pressure environment，with the optimal mannitol concentrations in the enzymatic hydrolysis solution and washing buffer being 0.7 mol · L^-1 and 0.2 mol · L^-1，respectively．The optimized system enabled efficient acquisition of high-yield and high-viability broccoli protoplasts，which could be successfully induced to form calli and complete differentiation and regeneration upon culture．Although the regeneration efficiency exhibited certain variations among different genotypes，all genotypes maintained stable performance．The broccoli protoplast differentiation and regeneration system established in this study exhibits strong practicability and reliability，thus providing critical technical support for molecular breeding and gene function research of broccoli．

In this study，floral buds of Allium fistulosum L. at full-bloom stages were used to observe and characterize microspore development through morphological and cytological analyses．Flower buds were classified into seven developmental stages（S1-S7）based on longitudinal and transverse diameters，which ranged from 4.84 mm to 13.07 mm and from 2.32 mm to 3.94 mm，respectively，with length-to-width ratio of 2.10 to 3.30（n = 30）．Microscopic observations revealed that microspore diameter increased from 14.76 μm at the tetrad stage to 29.17 μm at maturity，corresponding to a 97.63% increase in volume．The developmental process exhibited typical cytological dynamic，including dyad，tetrad，uninucleate central，uninucleate peripheral，and mature stages．Morphological analysis indicated that floral bud color gradually shifted from green to pale green，and anthers color transitioned from emerald green to light green，yellow-green and finally pale yellow．Key developmental stages were significantly correlated with morphological parameters （P ＜ 0.01）：at S2（longitudinal：5.49 mm；transverse：2.61 mm），52.00% of microspores were at the uninucleate central stage；at S3（longitudinal：6.08 mm；transverse：2.88 mm），64.00% of microspores progressed to the uninucleate peripheral stage；and at S7（longitudinal ≥ 13.07 mm；transverse ≥ 3.94 mm），approximately 33.33% of pollen grains exhibited in vitro germination．This study established a cytomorphological framework for microspore development in A. fistulosum L.，providing a visual indicator system for accurately determining developmental stages．These findings have important applications in enhancing pollen viability assessment and optimizing pollination timing in hybrid breeding programs．

To clarify the application effects of different organic materials in facility tomato cultivation，this study used the cultivar‘Jingcai No.8’as the test material and set up four treatments：control（CK），straw（SC），compost（CC），and humic acid fertilizer（HC），to explore the effects of different organic materials on the growth，yield，and quality of facility tomatoes．The results showed that the SC treatment increased tomato plant height，leaf number，and maximum leaf area，as well as improved root length and root surface area．The CC treatment increased root volume and root surface area．All three organic materials enhanced the biomass of tomato plants（roots，stems，fruits，aboveground parts，and total biomass），with the SC treatment performing the best．Compared with the CK，the yields of the SC and HC treatments were significantly increased by 49.25% and 24.62%，respectively．Compared with the CK，the SC treatment significantly increased the soluble sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits，and the CC treatment significantly increased the organic acid content，while the HC treatment significantly increased the soluble sugar content．Compared with the CK，the tomato quality index of the SC and HC treatments were significantly increased by 340.29% and 123.47%，respectively．In conclusion，the application of straw can effectively promote the growth of facility tomatoes，and has the best effect on improving yield and quality．

Luxi County in Yunnan Province is the largest production region for chives（Allium schoenoprasum L.）in China，with a high cropping index of 3.5．Continuous cropping obstacles have become a key constraint on the yield and quality of chives．In this study，using continuous monocropping of chives as the control（CK），we investigated the effects of barley seedling green manure incorporation （TR）on the growth，physiological characteristics，and soil nutrients of subsequent crops．The results showed that the TR treatment could significantly enhance chive’s agronomic traits，plot yield，leaf area index（LAI），photosynthetic rate（P_n），stomatal conductance（G_s），and transpiration rate（T_r）．The TR treatment significantly reduced the malondialdehyde（MDA）content and polyphenol oxidase（PPO）
activity in the chive leaves，while markedly increased the activities of peroxidase（POD），catalase（CAT），and superoxide dismutase（SOD）．It also enhanced the content of soluble sugar and lignin；however，no significant effects were observed on soluble protein or water content．In terms of quality，the TR treatment significantly decreased the soluble solids and vitamin C content in the chive pseudostem，while it had no significant impact on texture，total protein，total sugar，or crude fiber content．In the cheive leaves，the treatment significantly improved texture and increased soluble solids content，but significantly reduced the total sugar and crude fiber content．Observations of the microstructure revealed that the TR-treated chives had smooth and even leaf epidermal cells with regular reticulate ornamentation，along with a significantly thickened upper epidermis．In contrast，the continuously cropped chives exhibited a thick layer of epicuticular wax with wax crystal deposits and irregularly arranged cells．Soil analysis indicated that the incorporation of barley seedling green manure increased the soil pH from 7.28 to 7.54，while available potassium content and soil water potential were elevated by 42.40% and 71.62%．However，the total nitrogen，total phosphorus，total potassium，hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，and moisture content all decreased．In conclusion，incorporating barley seedling green manure into the soil enhances the photosynthetic capacity of chive leaves，optimizes leaf structure，activates the antioxidant system，reduces membrane lipid peroxidation，adjusts soil pH，increases water potential，and activates soil potassium reserves．This treatment effectively promotes plant growth，increases yield，and improves quality，providing an effective approach to alleviate chive continuous cropping obstacles．

The experiment was conducted with watermelon cultivar‘Zhemi No.8’to evaluate the individual and combined effects of two novel plant-growth regulators—rhamnolipid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid 3-HYD—applied either as root drench or foliar spray on watermelon Fusarium wilt，commercial rate of watermelon，signal fruit mass，yield and quality in a continuous cropping field．The results showed that，under the same application method，the combined application of two plant growth regulators—either as a 30 mg · L^-1 foliar spray or a 10 mg · L^-1 root drench—was more effective than single-regulator treatments in improving both commercial rate of watermelon and signal fruit mass．Among the single-regulator treatments，root application of 10 mg · L^-1 3-HYD yielded a significantly higher commercial rate of watermelon than foliar application of 30 mg · L^-1 3-HYD，whereas the foliar spray of 30 mg · L^-1 3-HYD produced significantly greater signal fruit mass than the root drench of 10 mg · L^-1 3-HYD．Principal component analysis integrating transverse diameter，longitudinal diameter，center soluble solid content，edge soluble solid content，commercial rate of watermelon，signal fruit mass and yield indicated that the root drench of 0.75 mg rhamnolipid combined with 0.75 mg 3-hydroxydecanoic acid for per plant achieved the highest comprehensive score．This study demonstrates that this combination maximally enhanced both yield and quality of watermelon in continuous cropping field．

Historically，viral diseases have been a major limiting factor for the sustainable development of the pepper industry．In this study，317 suspected viral disease samples were collected from six major peppergrowing regions in Hubei Province．Then the total samples were subjected to viral pathogen identification by RT-PCR．Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）was identified as the most prevalent pathogen，exhibited the highest detection rate at 80.76% among all tested samples．Notably，PMMoV frequently was observed in mixed viral infections．To characterize viral evolutionary patterns，the coat protein（CP）gene of PMMoV was cloned using specific primers．Sequence variation analysis revealed insights into the molecular evolution and genetic variability of PMMoV isolates．The results showed that there was no significant geographical variation in the intraspecific evolution of PMMoV CP isolates．This study clarifies the composition and regional distribution of viral pathogens threating pepper crops in Hubei Province，and provide critical insights for disease management strategies．The findings offer actionable guidance for mitigating viral disease impacts and support the sustainable development of the pepper industry in this region.

In the autumn of 2022，it was found that zucchini plants showed suspected viral disease symptoms such as leaf shrinking，deformity and fruit cracking in Pukou，Nanjing，Jiangsu．To identify virus species，the pathogen detection was carried out with universal primers suitable for cucurbitaceae crop viruses. The results showed that all samples were positive in the using the universal primer for geminivirus，and the amplicons shared the highest homology（98.70%）with squash leaf curl China virus（SLCCNV）．In order to further confirm virus species，the specific primers against coat protein（V1）gene of SLCCNV were designed for PCR detection，and the target fragments could be amplified from samples．Via cloning and sequencing，it was suggested that V1 gene of Nanjing Pukou isolate（PV361033）was 771 bp in length，and the homology with the isolates of Shandong Shouguang（OM258181），Shandong Zibo（OM258179）and Guangdong Xuwen（MW389919）was 100.00%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SLCCNV isolates clustered into two distinct clades，an East Asia-Southeast Asia（EA-SEA）clade and a South Asia（SA）clade，showing significant geographical differences. Within the EA-SEA clade，the isolates from South China showed closer genetic relationships with those from SEA countries，whereas the isolates from East and North China formed a small branch，including Nanjing Pukou isolate. Virus tissue testing showed that SLCCNV widely distributed in zucchini plants，and infected the leaves，flesh，peel and fruit cracking tissues. These results indicate that the virus detected in zucchini from Nanjing was SLCCNV，which is the first report of SLCCNV infected in crops from Jiangsu Province．

Samples of land tomato with curled and obviously dwarfed leaves were collected from Wenzhou，Zhejiang Province，China．In order to clarify the pathogenic species，RNA of the disease samples was extracted，reverse transcribed into cDNA，and amplified by RT-PCR with the Geminiviridae viral universal primers PA/PB，and its amplified product was identified by sequencing as tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus（ToLCNDV）．In order to clarify the evolutionary status of the Wenzhou isolate of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus，the whole genome sequences of viral DNA-A and DNA-B were obtained by RT-PCR using virus-specific primers．Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Tbtools software，and the results showed that the tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus Wenzhou isolate clustered with the Chinese isolates，which was closest in affinity，and distant from the foreign isolates．The use of virus-encoded proteins to construct transgenic plants is an effective measure to prevent and control viruses．In this study，the genes of AV1（encoding the capsid protein）and BV1（encoding the nucleus shuttling protein）of the Wenzhou isolate of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus were further cloned，and the transient expression of the tobacco showed that AV1-YFP and BV1-YFP were localized in the nucleus．The results of this study will provide experimental data for further understanding of the distribution of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in China，and lay a molecular foundation for the use of virus-encoded proteins to construct transgenic plants for virus prevention and control．

Abstract：In order to clarify the resistance mechanism of different melon germplasms to powdery mildew．The study identified 22 melon germplasms use disease index（RI）by artificial seedling inoculation method，and selected 5 melon germplasms with different resistance．The dynamic changes of 12 physiological and biochemical indexes and 1 resistance gene CmROR2 expression on 1，3，5，7 and 11 days after inoculation with powdery mildew were measured．The mechanism underlying resistance differences among melon germplasms to powdery mildew was elucidated by severity scale，correlation analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results showed that 13 indicators showed different degrees of response to powdery mildew．The specific performance was that the susceptible germplasm accumulated more MDA，O₂^-. and H₂O₂ than the resistant germplasm．The activities of four antioxidant enzymes（SOD，POD，CAT and APX）showed that the resistant germplasm was higher than the susceptible germplasm at the same time．The chlorophyll content showed a downward trend，and the expression of CmROR2 showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing．Correlation analysis showed that the disease progression（RI）was positively correlated with the contents of MDA，O₂^-. and H₂O₂ in each period，and negatively correlated with the contents of SS，SP，PRO，Chl，Car and the activities of SOD（except the first day），POD，CAT and APX，and negatively correlated with the expression of CmROR2．Grey correlation analysis showed that the evaluation results of 13 indexes were consistent with the evaluation results of powdery mildew severity scale．The results of this study can provide theoretical basis for the excavation and utilization of melon powdery mildew resistance germplasm resources．

Insufficient light is a common limiting factor in greenhouse cultivation，and artificial supplemental lighting is an effective way to improve low-light conditions．This study aimed to screen out suitable types of plant growth lights for supplemental lighting in greenhouses．Taking‘ ST Shitou’ as the test material，four supplemental lighting treatments were set up using different plant growth lights：LED fin lights placed 1.8 m above the furrow surface over the plants（L1），LED light strips placed 1.8 m above the furrow surface over the plants（L2），LED tube lights placed 0.5 m above the furrow surface between plants（L3），and laser lights placed 0.5 m above the furrow surface between plants（L4）．Supplemental lighting was applied from 5：30 to 8：30 and 17：30 to 22：30 every day，with a non-supplemental lighting group set as the control（CK）．The effects of different types of plant growth lights on the morphology，physiology，yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes were studied．The results showed that all the four supplemental lighting treatments promoted the growth of tomato plants to varying degrees and simultaneously improved their yield and quality．Compared with CK，L1 treatment significantly increased plant height and stem diameter，and the contents of soluble sugar and starch in its leaves were the highest among all treatments；L2 treatment had the highest amino acid content in leaves，which was significantly superior to other treatments；L3 treatment achieved the highest plant height，stem diameter，fruit sugar-acid ratio，total phenol content，number of
colored fruits and number of fruits per plant，all of which were significantly higher than those in CK；L4 treatment promoted the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments，in which the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids were significantly higher than those in other treatments．Compared with CK，the fruit yield per plant of L1，L2，L3 and L4 treatments increased by 14.29%，6.40%，31.53% and 4.43%，respectively．Based on economic benefit analysis and fuzzy membership function evaluation，the LED tube lights treatment had the best economic benefit and the highest comprehensive evaluation value of yield and quality．Therefore，it is recommended to adopt LED tube lights for inter-plant supplemental lighting in greenhouse tomato cultivation．The results of this study provide technical support for the application of supplemental lighting in greenhouse tomato cultivation and the use of plant growth lights in agricultural lighting．

Allium chinense G.Don is a pungent vegetable unique to southern China．To clarify the genetic diversity，yield potential and reproductive characteristics of Allium chinense，and provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resource research and industrial application，this study conducted agronomic trait investigation and comprehensive evaluation on 59 Allium chinense germplasm resources．The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 19 quantitative traits among the 59 germplasm resources ranged from 9.87% to 43.11%，with the number of vegetative bulbil having the largest coefficient of variation．The main qualitative traits were semierect plant type，dark green leaves，yellow-white or purple tunic color of bulbs，and waxy powder on leaf surfaces．Correlation analysis showed that plant height was extremely significantly positively correlated with leaf length and leaf diameter，while the number of leaves was significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with leaf diameter，pseudostem diameter and single bulb weight．Principal component analysis extracted four principal component factors：plant vegetative growth，bulb yield，reproductive growth and bulb structure，with a cumulative contribution rate of 81.06%．Cluster analysis divided the germplasm resources into two major groups and four subgroups：subgroup Ⅰ was high-yield type；subgroup Ⅱ had weak growth；subgroup Ⅲ was high-tillering type；subgroup Ⅳ achieved a balance between yield and tiller number．This study initially established the trait description standards for Allium chinense germplasm resources，providing scientific and technological support for the evaluation and identification of Allium chinense germplasm resources and the screening of excellent germplasm．

The toxic effects of soil microplastics（MPs）accumulation on plants have become a research focus．Mulching practices lead to continuous MPs accumulation in garlic fields，yet their impact on garlic growth remains unreported．In this study，garlic cultivar ‘ P196’ was used as the test material under a splitplot design．The main plots included three types of MPs：polyvinyl chloride（PVC），polyethylene（PE），and polystyrene（PS），with a particle size of 13 μm．The subplots consisted of four MPs concentration levels：0，10，100，and 1 000 mg · kg-1．The effects of MPs on garlic growth，yield，quality，leaf photosynthetic pigment content，gas exchange parameters，and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed．The results showed that MPs significantly inhibited garlic growth，leading to marked reductions in yield，quality，photosynthetic pigments，gas exchange parameters，maximum photochemical efficiency（Fv/Fm），and actual photochemical efficiency〔Y（Ⅱ）〕，while significantly increasing non-photochemical quenching（NPQ）．The toxic effects intensified with increasing MPs concentration．Compared with the 0 mg · kg^-1 treatment，the 1 000 mg · kg-1 treatment significantly reduced pseudostem thickness，root fresh weight，and yield by 26.94%，44.65% and 30.32%，respectively．However，low concentrations of MPs（10 mg · kg-1）promoted plant height，leaf fresh weight，and pseudostem fresh weight，with increases of 6.80%，12.66%，and 19.00%，respectively．Among the three MPs types，PE exhibited the strongest toxicity to garlic growth，resulting in a yield significantly lower than that under PVC treatment by 7.0%．

Two varieties of taro，Colocasia esculenta var. cormosus Chang（Changting local Binglang taro）and Fuding Binglang taro，were used as experimental materials to investigate the effects of foliar spraying with potassium phosphite solutions at different concentrations（1 000，800，600，400，and 200-fold dilutions）during the mother corm formation stage on the control of Binglang taro infected with leaf blight and physiological characteristics．The results showed that potassium phosphite application significantly improved disease control efficacy in both cultivars，enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），and catalase（CAT）in leaves，and increased nitrogen metabolism-associated enzymes glutamine synthetase（GS）and glutamate dehydrogenase（GDH）．Concurrently，malondialdehyde（MDA）accumulation was markedly reduced．Optimal responses were observed under 400× potassium phosphite（T4），which maximized SOD，POD，CAT，GS，and GDH activities while minimizing MDA content；higher concentrations additionally suppressed plant height．Notably，cultivar-specific differences between Fuding and local Changting Binglang taro were evident under the tested conditions．

To evaluate the safety of 560 g · L^-1 azoxystrobin · chlorothalonil suspension concentrate on cabbage，the residues and dissipation dynamics of azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil in cabbage were determined by QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS and QuEChERS-GC，respectively，at different application concentrations （recommended dose and 2 times the recommended dose）．The results showed that the dissipation of azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil residues in cabbage conformed to the first-order kinetic model at the two application concentrations．Although the pesticide residues increased significantly and the dissipation rate decreased at 2 times the recommended dose，the half-lives were all less than 6 days，indicating that they were easily degradable pesticides．The residue’s level of azoxystrobin in cabbage were all less than 5 mg · kg^-1（MRL）at the two application concentrations，and the dissipation rate was more than 88% after 14 days of application．However，the residue level of chlorothalonil at 2 times the recommended dose was still higher than the MRL value after 14 days of application and did not meet the standard．Therefore，it is recommended that 560 g · L^-1 azoxystrobin · chlorothalonil suspension concentrate be applied strictly at the recommended dose in open-field cabbage cultivation，and a harvest interval of 14 days or more should be observed．

‘Jingyancusheng No.1’is a new mid-early maturing F₁ hybrid of cluster-type pod pepper，developed using the male-sterile two-type line‘ZF85AB’as female parent and the doubled haploid（DH）line‘17-Z162’as male parent．The plant stands about 70 cm tall and spread of roughly 60 cm，with has a semi-erect growth habit．The first flower typically appears at around the 13th node，and each plant produces 8-12 effective lateral branches．The fruit clusters are neatly arranged，with 7-16 fruits per cluster and 150-180 fruits per plant．The fruit is small and horn-shaped，averaging 7.5 cm in length，1.3 cm in width，0.2 cm in flesh thickness，and an average single-fruit weight of 5.5 g．The immature fruit is green，and turning red upon maturity．The fruit is straight，possess a strong pungent flavor，and dehydrate quickly．The dried fruit has a smooth，glossy，deep-red skin，and a high marketable fruit rate．The fruit contains 197.0 mg · kg^-1 of vitamin C，and 1 354.3 mg · kg^-1 of capsaicin．It exhibits uniform fruit maturity，making suitable for mechanical harvesting．The yield is approximately 33 t · hm^-2 of fresh fruit or 7.8 t · hm^-2 of dried fruit．It is resistant to TMV，and moderately resistant to CMV and phytophthora blight．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in Beijing，Shanxi，Shandong，Hebei，Henan，Anhui，Liaoning，and Inner Mongolia．

‘Jinza 903’is a new flavor-type F₁ hybrid tomato developed by crossing inbred line ‘puluowangsi-426’as female parent and‘masha-430’as male parent．It is an indeterminate growth habit．The fruit is of round and pink，with a single fruit weight of 80-100 g．The soluble solids content is 9.5%，lycopene content is 28.3 mg · kg^-1，and vitamin C content is 145.3 mg · kg^-1．It is resistant to TYLCY，leaf mold，Fusarium wilt，and gray leaf spott．The yield is about 52.5 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for facility cultivation in the Bohai Rim region，including Tianjin，Shandong，Hebei，and Liaoning．

‘Qinglv No.5’ is a new non-heading Chinese cabbage F₁ hybrid developed by cytoplasmic male sterile line ‘S4-32-18-9’ as female parent and self-incompatible line ‘30-5-18’ as male parent．It is a rapid-growing，with growth period of about 30 days．The plant exhibits an erect growth habit，with average plant height of 30.2 cm and spread of 14.2-15.3 cm．The leaf is dark green，almost circular shape，with no prickly leaf surface and flat leaf margin．The petiole is dark green，with medium width and thickness．It has excellent taste and quality．The average single plant weight is 28.9 g，and the net yield is about 30 t · hm^-2．It has wide adaptability，high resistance to virus disease and downy mildew．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in summer and autumn in Shanxi，Hunan，Zhejiang，Shanghai，Guangdong．

‘Dianshu 1418’ is a new potato variety developed through sexual hybridization using ‘Emalingshu No.7’ as female parent and ‘Tianshu No.10’ as male parent，followed by selection and evaluation．It is a mid-late maturing，with growth period of approximately 100 days and strong natural seedsetting ability．The plant exhibits an erect growth habit，with average height of 82.9 cm，green stem，dark green leaf，and white pentagonal corolla．The tuber is oblate-elliptical in shape，with light yellow skin and light yellow flesh，shallow eyes，and smooth skin．The marketable tuber rate is 80.7%．The dry matter content is 19.2%，starch content is 14.6%，crude protein content is 1.84%，vitamin C content is 136.0 mg · kg^-1，and reducing sugar content is 0.23%．Tuber set is concentrated，with 6-8 tubers per plant．The yield is about 33 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring planting in Southwest China．