ISSN 1000-6346
CN 11-2326/S
中华人民共和国农业农村部 主管
中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 主办
CN 11-2326/S
中华人民共和国农业农村部 主管
中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 主办
During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has achieved significant breakthroughs
in foundational research related to distant hybridization，pan-genomics，and the evolutionary domestication of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis）．These advancements include the mapping，cloning，and analysis of regulatory mechanisms for genes associated with important agronomic traits，as well as the development of molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection．Notable progress has also been made in the collection，identification，exploration，and innovative utilization of Chinese cabbage resources，leading to the creation and cultivation of a series of superior novel germplasm and high-quality，multiple-resistant new varieties．This paper provides an overview and summary of the advancements made in China’s genetic breeding of Chinese cabbage over the past five years．It also discusses and analyzes the main issues currently facing Chinese cabbage breeding and outlines future research directions that warrant further investigation．
During“The 14th Five-year Plan”period，genetic breeding research on broccoli in China
developed rapidly and achieved important research progress．A number of elite new broccoli cultivars and breeding resources were developed，and a breakthrough has been made in the haploid induction technology，restoration of male sterility and the alleviation of breeding bottlenecks in broccoli．The overall substitution rate of imported seeds increased to 39.2%，and applied basic research advanced rapidly．This paper systematically reviews China’s scientific achievements and research progress from 2021 to 2025 in terms of broccoli germplasm innovation，modern breeding technologies，and new cultivar development，and proposes the potential problems existing in the broccoli industry as well as future development trends．
In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual
backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．
Vegetables are important export agricultural products in Hebei Province．By analysing the vegetable export data of Hebei Province from 2019-2024，it is found that the vegetable export value of Hebei Province has been growing steadily with an average annual growth rate of 8.08%；the export products are mainly pickled and simple processed vegetables；the export market shows a diversified trend，mainly focusing on the Asian countries and regions；on the mode of export trade，the general trade occupies a dominant position．Although Hebei Province is a large province of vegetable production，it is relatively backward in the ranking of provinces，and has been stable in the 13-14th place for a long time．At present，Hebei Province vegetable export trade exists traditional market tends to be saturated，the industrial chain supporting imperfect，own famous brand less，vegetable export quality is low and other problems．In this regard，it is proposed to develop export markets，extend the vegetable industry chain，cultivate vegetable brands，strengthen quality supervision and other suggestions，with a view to promoting the high-quality development of vegetable export trade in Hebei Province．
Cabbage，as an important economic crop，is cultivated annually on approximately 9 × 105 hm² in China．However，the adoption level of mechanized harvesting remains limited．To evaluate the operational and economic performance of cabbage harvesters，a comprehensive assessment was conducted on three models available in the market．The results indicate that mechanized harvesting efficiency is significantly higher than that of traditional manual harvesting，and all tested models meet industry standards．Both domestic and imported machines have distinct advantages and limitations．Based on the evaluation findings，the following recommendations are proposed：improvement directions for mechanized cabbage harvesting technology，contextualized strategies for promotion and application，and integrated development goals for agricultural machinery and agronomic practices．These suggestions aim to continuously advance the mechanization of cabbage production in China．
Transgenetic technologies are crucial for the improvement of crop agronomic traits，yield，and quality．However，conventional transgenic methods face multiple limitations in biological breeding of vegetable crops．Through the method of pollen magnetofection，the exogenous nucleic acids can be directly delivered into pollen grains，and the transformation can be realized by pollination-fertilization．Due to its easy operation and tissue culture-free，pollen magnetofection is thought as one of new transformation techniques with promising application prospects．In this review，the technical principles，application advantages，practical implementation，and current challenges of pollen magnetofection in the transform of vegetable crops，are systematically introduced，and its future improvements are suggested，in order to provide a reference for efficient biological breeding in vegetable species．
Potato is a globally important food crop，whose tubers are rich in starch with unique
functional properties．It not only provides essential energy for humans but is also widely used in the food，pharmaceutical，and chemical industries．The biosynthesis of tuber starch follows a multi-step regulatory mechanism，and its accumulation is influenced both by intrinsic genetic controls and external environmental factors．In response to industrial application demands，optimizing the efficiency of starch deposition in tubers is of great significance for improving the raw material quality standards of starch processing enterprises．This paper systematically reviews the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of starch in potato tubers，with a focus on the mechanism of mineral nutrient regulation in starch accumulation．It aims to provide important theoretical foundations and technical support for the screening of high-starch potato germplasm resources，molecular breeding，and innovations in cultivation techniques．
To investigate the effects of light intensity and exogenous spraying of glucose on the healing and photosynthesis of grafted cucumber seedlings，cucumber scions grafted onto squash rootstocks were used as experimental materials．During the graft healing period，different light intensities were set in stages：0，50，and 100 μmol · m-2· s -1 for days 1-3，4-6，and 7-9 after grafting，respectively，with water spraying as the control（CK）．Based on this，three treatments were set：spraying 0.5% glucose under CK light conditions（S），increasing the light intensity to 50，100，and 150 μmol · m-2· s-1 in the three stages with water spraying（T），and increasing the light intensity while spraying 0.5% glucose（ST）．The results showed that，compared with the control，increasing light intensity and exogenous glucose spraying（ST）increased the net photosynthetic rate and actual photochemical quantum efficiency Y（Ⅱ）of the cotyledons of both the rootstock and scion，significantly improving the photosynthetic performance of the grafted seedlings．The combined treatment of increased light intensity and glucose application promoted the formation of the isolation layer and vascular bundles at the graft union，accelerated xylem connectivity，and shortened the healing process 1-2 days．In conclusion，increasing light intensity and exogenous application of 0.5% glucose during the healing period of grafted seedlings can effectively enhance the photosynthetic performance of cucumber/squash grafting seedlings，promote grafting success，and accelerate the healing process，providing references for environmental regulation and quality improvement in grafted seedling cultivation．
Cowpea〔Vigna unguiculata（L.）Walp.〕is a major leguminous vegetable in China．Studies on genotype identification and genetic diversity of its germplasm resources are of great significance for the conservation，exploration，and utilization of genetic resources．In this study，46 KASP molecular markers were used to detect and analyze 202 cowpea accessions．The results showed that the average gene diversity （GD）was 0.39（with a variation range of 0.03-0.52），the polymorphism information content（PIC） value was 0.32（with a variation range of 0.03-0.42），and the average major allele frequency（MAF）was 0.69（with a variation range of 0.50-0.99）．This indicates that the genetic diversity of the tested cowpea materials is moderately low，which may restrict breeding potential．STRUCTURE analysis divided them into 3 subpopulations with relatively close genetic distances（0.01-0.02）．Neighbor-joining（NJ）clustering classified all the cowpea accessions into 4 groups，among which groupⅠis mainly local varieties and group Ⅱ is mainly commercial varieties．Based on these KASP markers，this study constructed molecular fingerprints of 202 cowpea germplasms，revealed the main SNP composition types at KASP variation sites，and screened 18 representative cowpea germplasms as mini-core germplasm resources，providing a scientific basis for the molecular conservation and utilization of cowpea resources．
To explore the differences in metabolites and related metabolic pathways between the fruits of detoxified and non-detoxified Solanum muricatum（pepino）seedlings，a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS）was employed．Principal component analysis（PCA），cluster analysis，and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）identified 74 significantly different metabolites，primarily including amino acids，sugars，and flavonoids．Compared to non-virus-free seedlings，the relative contents of 35 metabolites were significantly increased in virus-free fruit，including proline，tryptophan，and alanine，while the relative contents of 39 metabolites were significantly decreased，including deoxyguanosine monophosphate（dGMP），adenosine triphosphate（ATP），and indole-3-acetic acid. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these differential metabolites were mainly involved in four key metabolic pathways：amino acid metabolism，biosynthesis of secondary metabolites，cofactor and vitamin metabolism，and other amino acid metabolism．The observed metabolic changes may contribute to the superior quality of detoxified pepino fruits．These findings provide data support for elucidating the biochemical mechanisms and dynamic metabolic changes at the metabolic level in detoxified pepino，offering a scientific basis for further metabolomic research and agricultural applications．
Using the watermelon variety‘Zaochunmi’as the scion and the pumpkin variety‘Zhuangshi’as the rootstock for grafting．The effects of pendimethalin on the sprouting growth，plant growth and yield of watermelon grafted seedlings were studied by spraying rootstock leaves with 8.25，24.75，41.25，57.75 and 82.50 mg·L-1 on the day before grafting． The results showed that pendimethalin had a concentration effect on the growth of watermelon grafted seedlings：the higher the concentration，the stronger the inhibition．The best inhibition effect was achieved when the concentration of pendimethalin was 41.25 mg·L-1；it could not only inhibit the growth of rootstock sprouting，reduce the lengh，width and area of sprouting leaves，but also reduce the manual sprout removal from 3 times to 1 time，and did not affect the growth and yield of grafted seedlings，and also increased the content of soluble sugar in watermelon fruit and improved the quality of watermelon．This study also found that pendimethalin mainly inhibited the growth of sprouting by regulating the decrease of IAA and ZT and the increase of ABA．In conclusion，the appropriate concentration of pendimethalin had a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of rootstock sprouting，improving watermelon quality，and increasing the efficiency of intensive watermelon seedling rearing．
Analyzing the quality characteristics of non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings at differentgrowth stages and establishing a comprehensive evaluation method for their quality is of great significance for improving the overall quality．Three varieties of non-heading Chinese cabbage，including deep purple leaf（‘Ziguan’），light purple leaf（‘Ziyu’），and green leaf（‘Yanqing’），were used as experimental mater ialsto study the differences in biomass，sensory quality，and nutritional quality of cabbage seedlings at different harvesting stages．The comprehensive quality of cabbage seedlings was evaluated by the entropy method．The results showed that with prolonged growth time，the biomass increase rates were different among varieties．Compared with the three-leaf stage，the fresh weight increased by 65% to 124% at the five-leaf stage．In terms of nutritional quality，the content of pectin and oxalic acid showed a significant decrease with increasing growth time，while the content of nitrate increased significantly at the five-leaf stage．In terms of sensory quality，the comprehensive fresh-eating sensory scores of the three varieties are the highest at the three-leaf stage，and the differences in cooked-eating sensory quality at different stages are relatively small．The comprehensive quality evaluation results indicate that the comprehensive nutritional quality score of the three-leaf stage cabbage seedlings is the highest，but the degree of advantage is limited．Moreover，the total score of the five-leaf stageis the highest．Therefore，to increase yield，the cultivation period can be extended to the five-leaf stage．This study can provide a theoretical reference for clarifying the suitable cultivation period for cabbage seedlings．
To investigate the effects of different environmental temperatures on the growth and development of ginger plants，‘Shannong No.1’ginger was used as the experimental material．Three day/ night temperature treatments were established：22 ℃/16 ℃（T1），27 ℃/21 ℃（T2），and 32 ℃/26 ℃（T3）．The study examined their impacts on the growth，yield，and quality of ginger roots，stems，leaves，and rhizomes．Results indicated that both growth and growth rates of all ginger organs were highest under T2，lowest under T1，and intermediate under T3．The growth rates of all organs increased with treatment duration．At 10，20，30，40，and 50 days post-treatment，the rhizome growth rates under T2 were 2.05，2.51，3.01，3.88，and 4.99 g·d-1，respectively．By day 50，the fresh rhizome weights for T1，T2，and T3 were 104.79，174.99，and 135.48 g，respectively，with T2 showing increases of 66.99% and 26.16% compared to T1 and T3．The study also found that higher temperatures promoted elongation growth of both aboveground stems and underground rhizomes，but reduced the dry matter，starch，and cellulose content in the rhizomes while increasing soluble sugars，soluble proteins，and free amino acids．As temperatures rose，rhizome ginger oil resin content decreased significantly.
Open field Chinese cabbage cultivation in Northeast China during summer-autumn is frequently constrained by heat stress，inducing low seedling emergence and stunted growth，and challenges of weed control，collectively impairing production efficiency．To clarify paper mulch’s promotional role under this scenario，this study established non-mulching and paper mulching treatments to investigate mulch impacts on soil properties and cabbage growth in the study area and period．Results revealed significant regulatory effects of paper mulch on cabbage growth and soil environment：cabbage yield increased by 15.85% compared with non-mulching．The physical soil environment was effectively ameliorated，with mean soil temperature during the growing period decreasing by 1.0 ℃ to alleviate heat stress and soil water content rising by 2% to optimize water supply．Meanwhile，soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were modulated，with notable effects in the middle and late growth stages，soil available phosphorus increased by 20.6% at the rosette stage，soil organic matter rose by 18.8% at the heading stage，and activities of soil urease and acid phosphatase were simultaneously enhanced．Furthermore，paper mulch also exhibited excellent weed control efficacy and degradability：at 20 d after mulching，the control efficiencies for weed plant number and fresh weight exceeded 98%；although its efficacy declined after 30 d，it did not compromise weed management during the critical growth period of cabbage．In terms of degradability，large-scale fragmentation of the paper mulch occurred at 50 d，and residues on the ridges were barely detectable at 70 d，thus realizing complete degradation without causing environmental pollution．In conclusion，paper mulch effectively promotes cabbage growth by regulating soil temperature and moisture and improving soil physicochemical properties．Its complete degradability meets green production requirements，making it suitable for popularization in summer-autumn open field Chinese cabbage cultivation in Northeast China．
To screen out parental materials with excellent comprehensive traits and diverse utilization values，305 fava bean germplasm resources were evaluated and characterized．The results showed that the genetic diversity indices of the 7 qualitative traits and 17 quantitative traits in the 305 fava bean germplasm resources ranged from 0.19 to 0.89 and 0.97 to 2.09，respectively，while the coefficient of variation of quantitative traits varied from 5.56% to 95.67%．Correlation analysis revealed：（a）significant negative relationships（P ＜ 0.01）between seed dimensions（length and width）and yield components（effective number of pods and seeds per plant），and（b）significant positive correlations（P ＜ 0.01）between：① the effective number of seeds per plant and pods per plant，② hundred-seed weight and morphological traits （seed length，seed width，pod length，pod width），③ yield per plant with both yield components（effective number of seeds and pods per plant）and plant height．The fava bean resources were divided into four groups by cluster analysis．Group Ⅰ showed no overall performance advantage．Group Ⅱ，characterized by long pods and large seeds，could serve as parental material for breeding fresh-edible fava bean varieties．Group Ⅲ， with short plant height，high effective branching，and small seeds，is suitable for developing dual-purpose （food/ornamental）varieties adapted to mechanized production．Group Ⅳ exhibited superior performance，making it ideal for breeding high-yielding varieties for green manure and silage fodder production．Four principal components were extracted through principal component analysis，with a cumulative contribution rate of 72.30%．Through comprehensive evaluation analysis，ten germplasm resources with superior performance were identified：‘Huaning 5-1’‘Canada 681-2’‘A20016-9-5’‘Yuzhongcan’ ‘Canada 321-1’‘Shanghai tianjiqing’‘129-133 self-pruning’‘Qingqu 15’‘UK 55 selection’，and‘Yangyancan’．
This study investigated the effects of solar light conversion materials on the light environment，growth，photosynthesis，and product quality of potted‘Qifanglv’leaf lettuce in a greenhouse．The experiment included eight treatments（T1-T8）with light-converting plates containing different inorganic oxide phosphors，using blank polypropylene plates（CK1，without phosphors）and no plate（CK）as controls．The results indicated that compared with CK，the treatment with blank polypropylene board significantly increased the contents of soluble protein and VC in lettuce．Compared with CK1，the light-converting plates （T4 and T7）made from two kinds of sunlight conversion materials significantly increased light intensity and red-orange and blue-violet light in the light environment for plant growth in the plant growth environment．They also significantly promoted the stem thickness，leaf length，leaf width and canopy width of lettuce，and significantly increased the chlorophyll content，transpiration rate，stomatal conductance，maximum photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm and actual photochemical efficiency Y（Ⅱ）of leaves．These improvements enhanced light energy utilization efficiency and photosynthesis．Furthermore，the treatments（T4 and T7）significantly promoted the accumulation of fresh and dry weight of plants，with increases of 99.32% to 97.08% and 52.98% to 54.08%，respectively．The content of soluble sugar and soluble protein also increased significantly，by 4.59 to 4.71 percentage points and 102.95% to 93.91%，respectively；while the nitrate content in leaves decreased significantly by 40.82% to 48.73%．This study demonstrates that light conversion plates made of suitable sunlight conversion materials can improve the light environment for plant growth，enhance photosynthesis and plant growth in leaf lettuce，and improve product quality．
In order to study the effect of low temperature on the development of chieh-qua organs，the morphological indexes，growth status and relative conductivity of 15 chieh-qua materials were compared and analyzed．‘Cuiyu No.3’with excellent growth potential in normal temperature greenhouse and low temperature field was selected to further observe and analyze its phenotype，flowering and fruiting in normal temperature greenhouse and low temperature field．Combined with relative conductivity，the stem xylem cells，leaf lower epidermis cells and stomata，female flower stigma and male flower pollen were further studied．The results showed that compared with the normal temperature greenhouse，low temperature could lead to the increase of relative conductivity of chieh-qua leaves，the decrease of the density of epidermal cells under leaves，the decrease of the number of stomata，the length and diameter of vessel cells in stem xylem，the length of vessel cells and fiber cells，and the length of vessel port．The shrinkage of female flower stigma cells was more obvious，and the pollen cell wall of male flowers was damaged．These changes have adverse effects on the growth of chieh-qua under low temperature conditions in the field．The study provides a reference for the cultivation of chieh-qua and provides a reference for the cultivation of other thermophilic vegetables．
To clarify the relationship between SPAD values and nitrogen content in the leaves of solanaceous vegetables，a suitable estimation model was established to achieve nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of solanaceous vegetables．In this study，‘Wangjiao 518’pepper and‘Tianrun NO.9’tomato were used as test materials，setting up pot experiments with 0，0.20，0.40 g·kg-1（mass ratio of nitrogen to substrate） for pepper（LN0，LN1，LN2），and 0，0.10，0.20，0.30 g·kg-1 for tomato（FN0，FN1，FN2，FN3）．The study analyzed the SPAD value and nitrogen content of pepper and tomato leaves under different nitrogen application levels．The grey relational degree was used to screen the SPAD ratio of different leaf layers．The estimation model of leaf SPAD and ratio SPAD value mixed nitrogen content was constructed. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen application rate，the SPAD value of leaves showed an upward trend，and the nitrogen content increased first and then decreased．There was a significant correlation between SPAD ratio and nitrogen content in different leaf layers．In addition，the mixed model of leaf SPAD value and ratio SPAD value was better than the single model in terms of universality，and the stepwise regression method was used to screen out the upper，middle，lower，lower/upper layer，middle/upper layer，and lower/middle layer SPAD values to construct the nitrogen content estimation model of pepper and tomato，and the R2 of the model was 0.957 and 0.829，respectively．
To clarify the relationship between the resistance loci of clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbage，varietal resistance characteristics，and Plasmodiophora brassicae，a soil inoculation method was applied to evaluate the resistance of 23 resistant varieties and one susceptible control variety using five P. brassicae isolates collected from different regions or periods．Additionally，12 molecular markers corresponding to 10 clubroot resistance loci，namely CRa，CRb，CRbKato，CRc，CRk，Crr1，Crr1a，Crr2，Crr3，and P29，were used to detect the resistance loci present in each variety．The results showed that among the 23 resistant varieties，‘Qingyan CCR108’and‘Qingyan CR1867’exhibited the highest resistance，showing high resistance to all five tested isolates．‘Qingyan CCR70’‘Qingyan CCR75’，and‘CR-Jinsheng’displayed high resistance to four isolates with low disease indices．Locus detection indicated that‘Qingyan CCR108’ and‘Qingyan CR1867’contained resistance marker bands for the CRa，CRbKato，Crr3，Crr1a，and P29 loci，while‘Qingyan CCR70’‘Qingyan CCR75’，and‘CR-Jinsheng’contained resistance marker bands for the CRa，CRbKato，Crr1a，and P29 loci．This suggests that the pyramiding of multiple resistance loci is an effective strategy for enhancing varietal resistance．The susceptible control variety，‘Qingyanchunbai No.1’ was susceptible to all inoculated isolates and contained markers associated with the CRb，CRc，CRk，Crr1， and Crr2 resistance loci．We speculated that these five loci or their markers might not be the main resistant loci or effective marker．Furthermore，it is speculated that Crr1a and P29 might represent the same locus or be functionally related．These findings provide a reference for the identification of clubroot-resistant germplasm resources and the breeding of new varieties in Chinese cabbage．
In order to clarify the pathogenic bacteria of chilli root rot in Dongga Township，Lang County，and to seek methods for safe and efficient prevention and control of chilli root rot．Samples of chilli root rot were collected from Dongga Township for pathogen isolation，and the wounded root irrigation method was used for pathogenicity testing，combined with morphological identification and molecular identification to determine the pathogen species；excellent antagonist strains were screened out using plate standoff method， and their inhibitory mechanism was investigated；the antagonist species was determined by combining with morphological identification，physiological and biochemical characteristics comparison，and molecular identification．The results showed that：the root rot pathogen of chilli in Dongga Town was identified as Fusarium incarnatum．A bacterial strain N13 with good antagonistic effect against F. incarnatum was screened，and its inhibition rate of 10% bacterial solution was 48.44%；Strain N13 inhibits the growth of F. incarnatum， primarily manifested as abnormal spore germination（spherical swelling），hyphal deformation，and protoplasm leakage caused by increased cell membrane permeability．F. incarnatum mycelium deformation， protoplasm leakage，cell membrane permeability enhancement，through the secretion of xylanase，protease and cellulase to destroy the integrity of the pathogenic bacterial cell membrane．Through the comparison of morphological，physiological and biochemical characteristics and molecular biology identification identified antagonist bacteria N13 as Bacillus velezensis．In this study，the pathogen of chilli root rot in Dongga Town was clarified，and the biocontrol strain N13 with potential application value was provided for the green prevention and control of chilli root rot，which provided a reference for the in-depth revelation of the biological control mechanism of chilli root rot．
To acsacelerate the scaled production of true seeds of Amorphophallus albus，gibberellin （GA3）was used as an inducer，three treatment methods（soaking，dripping，and spraying）and treatment durations（1，2，3，4，and 5 d）were set to investigate the interactive effects of these two factors on inducing flowering and fruiting in immature Amorphophallus albus．The results showed that soaking（10 mg · L-1 GA3）and dripping（50 mg · L-1 GA3）for 3 days resulted in the best comprehensive effects on promoting flowering and fruiting，followed by spraying（50 mg · L-1 GA3）for 4 days．The specific performances were as follows：the total flowering rate was soaking（86.47%）＞ dripping（80.03%）＞ spraying（77.64%）； the fruit-setting rate was soaking（81.20%）＞ dripping（75.65%）＞ spraying（72.72%）；the seed setting quantity was dripping（27.53）＞ soaking（24.33）＞ spraying（23.60）；the 100-grain weight was dripping （9.60 g）＞ soaking（8.20 g）＞ spraying（8.07 g）；the seedling emergence rate was soaking（85.12%）＞ dripping（82.40%）＞ spraying（76.65%）．In addition，the treatment duration for all three methods should not exceed 4 days，as longer periods can easily lead to rot of the corm and base of the petiole，as well as severe malformation of some floral organs．
To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefit of using natural enemy insects as the key strategy for pest control in greenhouse strawberries，this study used farmer’s self-managed greenhouses（chemical control）as the control group and established the biological control greenhouses as treatment groups．The incidence of pests and diseases，growth parameters of strawberries，yield and sugar content were monitored．The results indicate that the two-spotted spider mite（Tetranychus urticae）is the primary pest throughout the strawberry growth cycle．Biological control using predatory mite（Phytoseiulus persimilis）demonstrated obvious high efficacy compared to conventional farmer’s control models；for the minor occurrences of cotton aphids and western flower thrips，they were controlled by releasing ladybugs and Neoseiulus barkeri，respectively．In farmer-managed greenhouses，the population density of two-spotted spider mites remained as high as 10 mites per plant in the later stages，whereas in the biological control greenhouses，the mite population was consistently maintained at low levels or even zero．Additionally，the growth of strawberries in the biological control greenhouses was more vigorous，the sugar content of the fruits was significantly higher than that in farmer-managed greenhouses．Compared to farmer-managed greenhouses，the harvesting period was extended by approximately one month，and the average actual sales yield per greenhouse（400.2 m2） increased by 275.45 kg，and the income increased by 7 522.8 yuan．In conclusion，the biological control strategy based on the release of natural enemies is an efficient and economically feasible measure for strawberry pest control．
‘Qianla No.18’is a new early-maturity three-line hybrid bell pepper bred by the male sterile line‘8719A’as female parent and the restorer line‘1-138-3C’as male parent．The plant shows strong growth vigor，and growth period of about 162 days．It is unlimited branch type，and short internode．The fruit is of heart-shaped，single，upward growth，with an average fruit length is 3.5 cm，fruit shoulder width is 3.0 cm，single fruit weight is 14.0 g，and flesh thickness is 0.34 cm．The green mature fruit is dark purple and red mature fruit is dark red，with fruit surface is smooth，glossy，and quick change of fruit color．It is strong continuous fruit setting ability，with about 65 fruits per plant．The yield of fresh peppers is about 27 t·hm-2 ．It is resistance to anthracnose，and moderately resistance to blight．The VC content is 2 545 mg·kg-1，capsaicin content is 237.4 mg·kg-1．It is of thick flesh and thin skin，and can be used for the processing of fermented chili products such as pickled chili and mashed chili．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in spring of Guizhou．
‘Yunziluo No.1’is a new pigment extraction special type radish F1 hybrid developed by crossing the cytoplasmic male sterile line‘RR011A’as female parent and inbred line‘RR029’as male parent．The plant exhibits open growth habit，with an average height of 47.0 cm，width of 52.4 cm．The leaf is of pinnate deeply lobed，with pointed tips，green in color，few hairs on the leaf surface，a flat base，and deeply purple petiole．The longitudinal section of fleshy root is bell-shaped，with a flat shoulder，and the ratio of above-ground to below-ground is 1∶5．Both the skin and flesh are purple in color．The average root length of fleshy root was 10.3 cm，root width was 7.2 cm，single root weight was 280.4 g，and radish red content was 1.7%．The maximum absorption peak of radish red pigment solution ranges from 531.5 to 532.0 nm．It is late-maturing，with takes about 120 days from sowing to maturity of fleshy root，and about 135 days from bolting to maturity．The yield of fleshy root is about 30 t · hm-2 ，and that of pigment is about 0.57 t · hm-2 ． It is suitable for cultivation in autumn and winter in the radish-producing areas of Yunnan Province at an of 1 500-2 500 m．
‘Xinla No.5’is a new mid-maturing long horn pepper F1 hybrid bred by crossing inbred line‘G30-2-1-1-H-H’as female parent and‘D10-1-2-2-H-H’as male parent．The first flowering node is at the 9-11th node，and the period from transplanting to green fruit harvest is about 65 days．The plant type is compact and semi-erect，with dark green leaves．The fruit is long horn-shaped，with slightly wrinkled surface，an average longitudinal diameter of 32.1 cm，transverse diameter of 5.2 cm，single fruit weight of 96.5 g，and flesh thickness of 0.34 cm．The green mature fruit is dark green，and the fully mature fruit is deep red．It contains 1 030 mg·kg-1 of VC，and 0.001 38% of capsaicin．It is resistant to cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），and moderately resistant to tobacco mosaic virus（TMV），phytophthora blight，anthracnose．The yield is about 67.5 t · hm-2 ．It is suitable for promotion and cultivation in early-spring protected areas of the northwest ecological region，such as Tianshui，Longnan，Qingyang，Lanzhou，Zhangye in Gansu，Helan in Ningxia，and Baoshan in Yunnan．
‘Shishu No.5’is a new early-maturing potato variety bred through systematic selection， derived from the cross between‘JZ07-21-61’（a single plant induced by EMS mutagenesis from‘Jizhangshu No.5’）as female parent and‘Shishu No.1’as male parent．The growth period is about 68 days，with an erect plant type and an average plant height of 66 cm．The leaf is green，the stem is purple-green，and the corolla is purple．The tuber is long oval-shaped，with smooth skin，few and shallow eyes，light red skin and yellow flesh of fine texture．The number of tubers per plant ranges from 4 to 5，the yield is about is 31.5 t · hm-2 ，and the marketable tuber rate is approximately 85%．The dry matter content is 17.8%，protein content is 2.22%，starch content is 12.8%，reducing sugar content is 0.18%，and VC content is 157.0 mg · kg-1 （FW）．It exhibits moderate resistance to late blight，PVX and PVY．It is suitable for spring cultivation in the double-cropping regions of Hebei Province．
