Abstract：Facility horticulture，as an important part of modern agriculture，has a key role in ensuring a stable supply of agricultural products，efficient use of resources，and promoting farmers’income．At present，although China’s facility horticulture has formed a large industrial scale，in its high-quality development is still facing multiple practical challenges：insufficient land security leads to prominent contradictions，and the polarization of facility performance triggered by the waste of production capacity；the key technology and equipment dependent on imports，seed‘bottlenecks’，low level of mechanization，the digital construction of a mere formality；market operation in planting planning is often blind，cost-benefit imbalance，poor production and marketing convergence；socialized service system is not sound，the aging of practitioners and other issues restricting industrial upgrading．In view of the above challenges，this paper puts forward a systematic countermeasures：in terms of land and facility construction，improve the differentiated land guarantee mechanism，promote the transformation of old facilities and the construction of appropriate mechanization standards；strengthen the synergy between government，industry，academia，research and application in the field of technology and equipment，break through the bottleneck of localization of seeds and intelligent equipment，and improve the policy of subsidies for agricultural machinery；optimize the planting guidance and income guarantee at the level of market mechanism，and build a digital production，marketing and circulation system；regarding the service system，cultivate diversified business subjects，strengthen the whole industrial chain socialized services，and promoting the internal and external attraction of talents．

Abstract：As a major protected vegetable production hub in Shandong Province，Zibo City plays a vital role in ensuring food supply，increasing farmers’incomes，and promoting rural revitalization．However， following 40 years of development，Zibo’s protected agriculture industry faces critical challenges，including aging greenhouse structures，an aging workforce，and obsolete technologies，which significantly impede the high-quality development of the local sector．Based on field surveys and data analysis，this study systematically investigates the current status of aging greenhouse facilities and identifies four innovative organizational renovation models：Party branch-led，private investment-driven，cooperative-led，and farmer-initiated models. Additionally，four technical upgrading strategies are proposed：consolidating small greenhouses into larger structures，reinforcing wall thickness，expanding structural dimensions（height and width），and integrating smart technologies．This study further evaluates the suitability of these renovation models in relation to the specific facility conditions across various districts and counties．Practical applications demonstrate that the upgraded facilities exhibit significant improvements in structural stability，disaster resilience，microclimate regulation，crop yields，and overall economic benefits．Accordingly，policy recommendations are proposed in three key areas：intensive land use，standardized smart transformation，and the optimization of external support systems．This study provides practical insights and a reference framework for the modernization of protected agriculture in similar northern regions of China．

Abstract：Tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）is a novel plant RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide in recent years，posing a serious threat to tomato production and gradually endangering the pepper industry．The L gene in peppers can confer broad-spectrum resistance to various members of the Tobamovirus genus，including ToBRFV．Several years ago，pepper genetic breeding research group，Institute of Vegetables and Flowers，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences prospectively constructed core parent lines carrying the L3 gene and developed a series of new-generation sweet pepper varieties with high quality，multiple resistances，and adaptability to different ecological regions based on these lines．These varieties not only show resistance to pepper mild mottle virus but also exhibit good resistance to ToBRFV，which is of great significance for improving the disease resistance and commercial quality of sweet pepper varieties．This article provides a comprehensive review and discussion of the disease-resistant breeding system based on the above content.

Abstract：This paper systematically reviews the domestic and international research progress on pepper anthracnose，with a focus on the biological characteristics of its pathogen Colletotrichum spp. and the molecular mechanism of Capsicum spp. disease resistance．Firstly，in terms of the biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp.，this paper elaborates on its species composition，pathogenic characteristics and infection cycle，as well as the signal transduction pathways and action mechanisms of key pathogenic genes． Meanwhile，it summarizes the functions of effector proteins in suppressing host immune responses during the pathogenic process of Colletotrichum spp．Secondly，in terms of the resistance response mechanism of Capsicum spp. to anthracnose，this paper explores the molecular genetic basis of Capsicum spp. disease resistance，including the mapping and genetic rules of related quantitative trait loci（QTL）．It also expounds the PTI and ETI defense signaling pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Capsicum spp. in response to Colletotrichum spp. infection，and reviews the research progress on the functions of key resistance genes．Finally，combined with current research bottlenecks，the paper prospects the research directions such as the elucidation of Colletotrichum spp. pathogenic mechanisms，the excavation of Capsicum spp. disease-resistant gene resources，and the breeding of disease-resistant varieties，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for
molecular breeding of Capsicum spp. against anthracnose．

Abstract：Based on transcriptome differential expression analysis between the cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）small-leaf mutant cpa1 and wild type（WT），we found that the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor gene CsAGL62b（CsaV3_3G045410）was significantly downregulated in the cpa1 mutant． The target gene of the cpa1 mutant has been identified as CsHLS1，and its homologous proteins have been shown to play vital regulatory roles in apical hook development and abiotic stress responses in plants．To further dissect the function of CsAGL62b ，the full-length coding sequence of CsAGL62b was cloned from wild-type cucumber using RT-PCR．Bioinformatic analysis showed that this gene encodes a protein of 225 amino acids containing a typical MADS domain．Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it has the closest genetic relationship with CmAGL62b from melon．Promoter cis-element prediction identified regulatory elements associated with light signaling and multiple plant hormones，including methyl jasmonate（MeJA），gibberellin（GA），and salicylic acid．Gene expression pattern analysis indicated that CsAGL62b showed the highest expression level in roots，followed by lateral buds and leaves．Moreover，its transcript abundance was significantly higher in weak roots than in other root types．In the root maturation zone，CsAGL62b  expression was significantly induced and upregulated by exogenous GA and abscisic acid（ABA）．Meanwhile，CsAGL62b in seedling
leaves responded rapidly to ABA and was upregulated，reaching its peak expression at 6 h of ABA treatment．Stress assays demonstrated that the expression of CsAGL62b exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decrease under drought，salt，and high-temperature stresses．In contrast，its expression was significantly downregulated under low-temperature stress，suggesting that CsAGL62b  may participate in multiple abiotic stress responses in cucumber．In summary，this study systematically characterized the molecular features of the cucumber CsAGL62b gene for the first time，and provides a solid molecular foundation for further elucidating its biological functions in root growth，development，and stress resistance in cucumber．

Abstract：Leaf curling is a common phenotypic variation in plant leaves，which has attracted extensive attention due to its impact on photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield．In this study，the pepper advanced inbred line 6421 and its stably inherited inward leaf-curling mutant CL1，which was isolated from the ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS）-mutagenized 6421 population，were used as materials to systematically analyze leaf developmental dynamics cytological characteristics and genetic inheritance patterns．The results showed that the wild-type 6421 exhibited flat leaves throughout the entire growth period，whereas the mutant CL1 maintained flat leaves only at the seedling stage．From the flowering stage，the leaves of CL1 gradually curled inward，reaching the peak curling at the green fruit stage．Morover，from the flowering to the red fruit stage， the daily growth rates of leaf width and leaf area of CL1 were significantly lower than those of 6421．During the flowering to green fruit stage，the contents of chlorophyll a，totaland carotenoids in leaves of CL1 leaves were significantly lower than those in 6421．By the red fruit stage，only contents of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in CL1 leaves remained lower compared to 6421．Histological analysis revealed that the crosssection of the CL1 leaf exhibited significant inward curling．The palisade and spongy tissue in the leaves of CL1 were disordered arranged，with reduced intercellular spaces，and the boundary between them were blurred or even fused．Moreover，the number of cell layers and cells in the vascular tissue of CL1 was less than that of 6421．Genetic analysis confirmed that the leaf-curling trait in pepper was controlled by a single recessive
gene．These results provide an important basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying leaf development in pepper．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China’s vegetable industry has undergone rapid
expansion in facility-based and intensive production．Driven by multiple factors，including climate change，
continuous cropping obstacles，and long-distance transport of seedlings，the occurrence patterns of vegetable diseases have shown several notable trends：increasing risks of seedborne and nursery-transmitted diseases；worsening soilborne diseases and continuous cropping disorders；frequent outbreaks of viral diseases；recurring epidemics of high-humidity diseases；and the emergence of new invasive diseases．These trends pose serious challenges to the stable supply，production security，and quality safety of vegetables．Based on national monitoring data on vegetable diseases collected from 2021 to 2025，this paper systematically reviews the epidemiological dynamics，key characteristics，and underlying driving mechanisms of disease occurrence．
Furthermore，it identifies future priorities for disease prevention and control，aiming to provide a scientific reference for the effective management of vegetable diseases and the green，high-quality development of China’s vegetable industry．

Calcium-dependent protein kinase（CDPK）are key regulators of stress signal transduction in
plants and participate in responses to drought and other abiotic stresses．However，systematic identification
and drought response mechanisms of the CDPK gene family in ginger（Zingiber officinale R.）remain largely
unclear．In this study，using‘Zhenning Erhuang ginger’as material，genome-wide identification and
bioinformatics analysis were performed to characterize the ZoCDPK gene family，including gene identification，
chromosomal localization and structural analysis．Combined with drought stress treatment，physiological index
detection and qRT-PCR，the drought response patterns of ZoCDPK genes were further investigated．The results
showed that 57 ZoCDPK members were identified from the ginger genome，which were unevenly distributed
on 16 chromosomes and highly conserved in structure．Based on phylogenetic relationships and promoter ciselement
analysis，ZoCDPK10，ZoCDPK19 and ZoCDPK47 were screened as key candidate genes in response
to drought stress．Under drought stress，the photosynthetic system of ginger was damaged，chlorophyll content
and photosynthetic parameters decreased significantly，while water use efficiency increased．qRT-PCR analysis
revealed that all three candidate genes were up-regulated by drought induction：ZoCDPK19 and ZoCDPK47
showed continuous up-regulation，whereas ZoCDPK10 exhibited an early response pattern with an initial
increase followed by a decrease．This study clarifies the basic characteristics and drought response patterns of the
CDPK gene family in ginger，providing important gene resources and theoretical foundations for dissecting the
molecular mechanisms of drought resistance and facilitating molecular breeding in ginger.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the major abiotic adversities limiting crop production，inhibiting
plant growth by disrupting soil physicochemical properties and inducing ion toxicity and oxidative stress．
Approximately 20% of global irrigated farmland is threatened by salinization，necessitating the development
of saline-alkali-tolerant crop varieties to ensure food security．In this study，350 tomato inbred lines were
subjected to 150 mmol · L-1 NaHCO3 to simulate saline-alkali stress，and 17 tolerant materials were screened
after 15 d of treatment．Among them，lines 105-2，113-2，and 317-2 exhibited outstanding performance，
with shoot fresh weight inhibition rates of only 42.62%，51.55%，and 41.69%，respectively．Further gradient
concentration stress tests on six tolerant materials（108-2，244-1，113-2，105-2，27-1，and 317-3）revealed that 244-1 and 317-3 showed minimal reductions in plant height（12.66% and 10.26%，respectively）
under 150 mmol · L-1 NaHCO3，along with significantly better stem thickness and leaf morphological stability
compared to other lines．Photosynthetic analysis indicated that 244-1，113-2，and 317-3 had the smallest
declines in chlorophyll SPAD values（3 to 8 percentage points）under 150 mmol · L-1 stress．Yield evaluation
demonstrated that 317-3 and 113-2 exhibited relatively minor reductions in single-plant yield（26.86%-31.96%）
under saline-alkali conditions，significantly outperforming sensitive materials．This study confirms significant
variation in saline-alkali tolerance among tomato inbred lines and identifies elite materials such as 317-3 with
both growth stability and yield potential，providing theoretical foundations and germplasm resources for
breeding saline-alkali-tolerant tomatoes．

Against the backdrop of global economic volatility and rising uncertainties in agricultural
development，the resilience of China’s garlic supply chain has become increasingly important for maintaining
industrial stability and safeguarding market supply，given China’s position as the world’s largest producer，
consumer，and exporter of garlic. Based on national statistical data，official reports from the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，and field survey data from major garlic-producing regions，this study
systematically examines the operational structure and resilience characteristics of China’s garlic supply chain
from a value chain perspective．Particular attention is given to production costs and mechanization levels，
climate-related risks，storage and processing capacity，and value chain extension in order to identify the
major constraints affecting supply chain stability．The findings indicate that China’s garlic industry has
developed a production pattern characterized by high regional concentration，well-established cold-chain
infrastructure，and digitalized trading systems，collectively enhancing its capacity to absorb routine market
fluctuations．Nevertheless，the overall resilience of the garlic supply chain remains constrained by low
production mechanization，continuously rising production costs，insufficient risk-buffering capacity in storage and processing，and limited development of deep processing and market expansion．Accordingly，this study
proposes strengthening supply chain resilience and competitiveness by accelerating technological upgrading in
key stages，improving supply-demand coordination and market risk management mechanisms，and promoting
the value chain toward higher value-added segments．

The heat shock protein 20（HSP20）family，as small molecule heat shock proteins，plays an
important role in plant growth and development，stress response and secondary metabolism．Previous research
have identified HSP20 genetic variations in two mustard germplasms with significantly different glucosinolate
contents，which are presumed to be associated with glucosinolate accumulation．This indicates that HSP20
is closely related to glucosinolate accumulation in mustard，and the hydrolysis products of glucosinolates are
the core components of volatile compounds in mustard．This study was the first to conduct whole genome
identification and expression analysis of the HSP20 family genes in Brassica juncea．A total of 70 BjuHSP20 genes were identified．The molecular weight of encoded proteins range from 15 254.41 Da to 57 448.84 Da，
with isoelectric points between 4.75 and 9.72．Most members to cytoplasmic subfamilies．The BjuHSP20
genes are unevenly distributed across 18 chromosomes of B. juncea．Collinearity and homology analysis
revealed conserved relationships of HSP20 genes among B. juncea，Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa．
The analysis of cis acting elements identified 40 elements related to hormone response，stress defense，light
response，and metabolic regulation．Subcellular localization showed that most BjuHSP20 are distributed in
the cell membrane，nucleus，such as mitochondria and golgi apparatus．RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses
demonstrated that BjuHSP20 genes exhibit significant expression differences between aromatic and non-aromatic
mustard accessions，showing specific expression response characteristics．

To identify the key agronomic traits influencing yield in Welsh onion and elucidate their
complex relationships，this study investigated 14 major cultivars cultivated in Jinan，Shandong Province．
A three-year field experiment was conducted to measure 13 agronomic parameters，including plant height，
pseudostem length，and leaf length．Principal component analysis（PCA）and the XGBoost machine learning
model were employed to analyze the association between agronomic traits and yield．The results showed
that four principal components extracted by PCA accounted for 79.52% of the total trait variation，with plant
height，pseudostem length，pseudostem compactness，and leaf transverse diameter identified as key factors
affecting yield formation，thereby providing an effective method for multi-trait comprehensive evaluation．
The XGBoost model combined with the SHAP method quantified the contribution of each trait and established critical thresholds for pseudostem length（32 cm），plant height（102 cm），and leaf transverse diameter
（2.5 cm），offering precise indicators for high-yield breeding．Multivariate analysis revealed synergistic
interactions between plant height and pseudostem length，while demonstrating that moderate regulation of
pseudostem compactness is essential for yield optimization．These findings advance the understanding of yield
physiology in Welsh onion and provide practical insights for cultivar improvement and precision agronomic
management．

Growth-regulating factors（GRFs）are a class of plant-specific transcription factors that
are crucial for the regulation of plant growth，development，and responses to abiotic stress．The GRF
transcription factor family in potato is currently inadequately understood．This work performed a genomewide
identification and analysis of the potato GRF gene family，identifying 12 StGRF members．Phylogenetic
analysis revealed that the 12 StGRFs can be classified into five subgroups，with GroupⅠ containing the largest
number of members．Chromosomal localization showed that StGRF genes were distributed on nine of the twelve chromosomes，with no StGRF genes detected on chromosomes chr05，chr06，and chr11；chromosome chr08
harbored the highest number，with 4 StGRF genes．Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements revealed that
the promoter regions of the majority of StGRF family members contain numerous regulatory elements linked to
abiotic stress and hormonal responses，including those related to jasmonic acid，abscisic acid，drought，and
low temperature．Transcriptomic and expression pattern analysis further verified that StGRF family members
could extensively respond to abiotic stress and hormone treatments．Notably，StGRF3 and StGRF8 exhibited
opposite expression patterns in cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant potato varieties，respectively．In addition，
a regulatory interaction network involving StGRFs and lncRNAs was constructed．These findings provide a
theoretical basis for additional comprehensive studies on the functions of the StGRF gene family in regulating
potato growth，development，and stress responses．

Monolepta hieroglyphica is a common agricultural pest in farmlands of northern China．In
2025，severe damage caused by this pest to lettuce was first discovered in Shangyi County，Hebei Province．
On the basis of clarifying its damage characteristics on organically cultivated lettuce in protected greenhouses，
the combined control efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae biological agents was
evaluated．The results showed that adults of M. hieroglyphica mainly inhabited the abaxial leaf surface of
lettuce and fed on leaf margins with chewing mouthparts，initially causing irregular notches，which later
developed into chlorotic spots or grayish-white withered lesions．In severe cases，withered lesions connected
into pieces and even the whole leaf withered completely．Two foliar applications of 32 000 IU · mg-1 Bacillus thuringiensis G033A wettable powder diluted 300 times combined with 10 billion spores · g-1 Metarhizium
anisopliae wettable powder diluted 300 times exhibited excellent control effect against M. hieroglyphica．Three
days after the second application，the number of adults on lettuce plants and yellow sticky traps both decreased
to zero，with the population reduction rate reaching 100.00%．The results can provide a theoretical reference
for the biological control of M. hieroglyphica on organic lettuce in protected cultivation．

To establish standardized cultivation model of eggplant in large plastic tunnel in early spring，
the eggplant variety‘Guanhong 102’was used as the test material．Under a planting density of 1 905 plants
per 667 m2，with the small high ridge double row（large row spacing 80 cm，small row spacing 60 cm，
plant spacing 50 cm）as the control（CK）．Four treatments of T1（large row spacing 150 cm，small row
spacing 30 cm，plant spacing 39 cm），T2（large row spacing 140 cm，small row spacing 40 cm，plant
spacing 39 cm），T3（large row spacing 130 cm，small row spacing 50 cm，plant spacing 39 cm），T4
（large row spacing 120 cm，small row spacing 60 cm，plant spacing 39 cm）were set up to study the effects
of different large and small row spacing configuration on the growth and yield of eggplant in the large plastic
tunnel．The results showed that 90 d after planting，the plant height，stem diameter，root activity and
chlorophyll（a + b）content were all higher under T2，which were 7.8%，8.2%，8.6% and 13.8% higher
than those in CK，respectively．The yield of T2 was higher than that of CK，which increased by 7.6%．
Therefore，under the experimental conditions，the configuration with a ridge center distance of 180 cm，
large row spacing of 140 cm，small row spacing of 40 cm，and plant spacing of 39 cm can be recommended
as a suitable large and small row spacing arrangement for early spring eggplant cultivation in large plastic
tunnel．

This study investigated the effects of priming with different concentrations of melatonin（MT）
on the germination and seedling growth of aged seedless watermelon seeds，aiming to enhance the vigor and utilization rate of these seeds and to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying
melatonin-mediated vigor restoration．Using the 2018‘Dayuwuzi No.4’as experimental material，we
conducted priming treatments with melatonin solutions at various concentrations（25，50，100，150，200
μmol · L-1；designated as T1 to T5）．Seeds primed with distilled water served as controls（CK1，with
seed coat cracking；CK2，without seed coat cracking）．We analyzed seed germination and seedling growth
parameters under each treatment．The results showed that different concentrations of melatonin had varying
effects on the germination and seedling growth of aged seedless watermelon seeds．The T3 treatment（100
μmol · L-1）exhibited the most pronounced promoting effect on seed germination and seedling growth．In terms
of seed germination，the germination potential，germination rate，germination index，and vigor index under
T3 were 46.00%，59.33%，9.28，594.03，respectively．These values were significantly higher than those of
CK2，representing increases of 16.00 percentage points，24.66 percentage points，74.76%，and 147.47%，
respectively．Compared with CK1，the germination potential，germination rate，germination index，and
vigor index of the T3 treatment increased by 6.67 percentage points，2.00 percentage points，19.96%，and
10.04%，respectively．These values were slightly better than those of CK1，with no significant differences，
indicating that this treatment could effectively simplify the physical seed coat cracking operation in production．
In terms of seedling growth，plant height，stem diameter，shoot fresh weight，root fresh weight，shoot dry
weight，root dry weight，relative chlorophyll，and root activitycontent under T3 treament were significantly
higher than those of CK2，with increases of 57.96%，35.04%，46.95%，52.69%，46.68%，53.73%，
12.51%，and 41.46%，respectively．Furthermore，the T3 treatment effectively enhanced the antioxidant
enzyme activities in both seeds and seedlings while significantly reducing malondialdehyde（MDA）content．
Compared with CK2，the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），and catalase
（CAT）in seeds increased by 64.39%，170.24%，and 46.61%，respectively，and the MDA content decreased
by 59.77%，with all differences being statistically significant．Similarly，the activities of SOD，POD，and
CAT in seedlings increased by 51.77%，79.03%，and 14.34%，respectively，and the MDA content decreased
by 48.48%，also showing significant differences．In conclusion，priming with 100 μmol · L-1 melatonin
solution effectively restores the vigor of aged seedless watermelon seeds，thereby promoting seed germination
and seedling growth．

Snap bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）is an important vegetable crop in China，whose growth
and development are often severely constrained by drought stress．To investigate the alleviating effect of
exogenous allantoin（ALL）on drought stress-inhibited seed germination of snap bean，a drought-sensitive
cultivar‘Huangguan’was used as material，and 20% PEG-6000 was applied to simulate drought conditions．
The effects of seed soaking with different concentrations（1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10 mmol · L-1）of
ALL on seed germination and physiological characteristics were analyzed．The results showed that drought
stress significantly inhibited snap bean seed germination．Compared with the normal control（CK），the seed germination rate，germination potential，germination index，and vigor index decreased by 83.3 percentage
points，97.8 percentage points，89.8%，and 98.9%，respectively．Meanwhile，superoxide dismutase
（SOD）and catalase（CAT）activities decreased，while the superoxide anion（O2
-.）production rate and bmalondialdehyde（MDA）content increased significantly．Exogenous ALL treatment significantly alleviated stress damage，among which 8 mmol · L-1 ALL had the best effect．Compared with the drought stress treatment，it increased the germination rate and germination potential by 61.1 and 46.7 percentage points，respectively，and enhanced the germination index and vigor index by 7.16 and 21.21 times，respectively．
Furthermore，this concentration effectively increased seed SOD and CAT activities，elevated the contents of
proline（Pro），soluble sugar，and soluble protein，while reducing the O2
-. production rate and MDA content．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，systematic progress has been made in pumpkin genetic breeding in China．High-quality pumpkin genomes were assembled，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits were deeply dissected，and the pumpkin breeding technology system was refined．A batch of elite new pumpkin germplasms with good quality and multi-resistance was developed，and a series of distinctive new pumpkin varieties with diverse characteristics were successfully bred．This review systematically summarizes the major advances in applied basic research，breeding technology development，germplasm innovation，and new variety breeding of pumpkin in China during‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period．It also discusses the main problems currently existing in pumpkin genetic breeding in China and proposes future directions for development．

In response to the unsustainability of traditional agriculture，microbial inoculants have emerged as a core green technology for advancing the transformation of vegetable production．The types，mechanisms of action，and application progress of microbial inoculants in vegetable production were systematically elucidated．The comprehensive effects on improving quality and yield，enhancing stress resistance，and ameliorating the rhizosphere microecology in vegetables were analyzed．Nutrient utilization was directly enhanced through nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，and potassium release，while plant hormones were secreted to stimulate root development．Pest and disease control was effectively achieved through competition，antagonism，and the induction of resistance．In the future，at the level of inoculant development，it is necessary to utilize genomics，metabolomics，and high-throughput screening technologies to directionally select and breed superior microbial strains that possess efficient colonization capabilities，multiple growth-promoting functions，and biocontrol properties，tailored to the specific demands of different vegetable crops（such as fruit vegetables and leafy vegetables）and major soil-borne diseases（such as bacterial wilt and blight）．Furthermore，at the level of application strategies，priority should be given to researching the coupling effects between microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer sources，water-saving irrigation，and ecological regulation measures．This will help establish a precision application technology system based on soil-crop-microbe interactions，thereby enhancing the efficacy stability and ecological adaptability of microbial inoculants within organic and green agricultural systems.

Using cultivated tomato‘Taikonghongzuan’（Solanum lycopersicum）as the female parent and wild tomato‘LA1598’（Solanum pimpinellifolium）as the male parent，a BC2F1 introgression line（IL）population was constructed through hybridization and backcrossing．This study employed multivariate statistical methods to comprehensively evaluate 53 agronomic traits across 19 ILs within this population，aiming to identify novel germplasms with superior comprehensive characteristics as well as accessions exhibiting outstanding or specific traits. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 53 agronomic traits in the 19 ILs ranged from 0 to 94.87%，indicating rich genetic diversity．Correlation analysis demonstrated complex interrelationships among traits．Cluster analysis classified the 19 ILs into four clusters，with Cluster Ⅲ exhibiting outstanding comprehensive traits including large single-fruit weight，high firmness，high soluble solids content，and high yield；Principal component analysis achieved comprehensive ranking of the lines，providing theoretical foundation for preliminary application of the introgression lines；Screening of BC2F1population for specific traits yielded novel germplasms with outstanding characteristics in flower number per inflorescence（2 lines），fruit number per inflorescence（3 lines），firmness（5 lines），and flesh thickness（1 line），as well as specific characteristics in fruit stalk length（4 lines），ripening fruit color（4 lines），and number of ventricles（1 line）．This study supplies valuable germplasm resources for tomato breeding and the exploration of genes underlying elite traits．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

Seedling cultivation is the primary step in vegetable production．Technological innovation in seedling cultivation is a crucial component and an essential requirement for vegetable industry modernization．By using databases such as Wanfang Data，VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform，Science Direct，and SpringerLink，we searched the Sci-Tech literature related to vegetable seedling cultivation published by Chinese researchers from 2021 to 2025．The results show that research on vegetable seedling cultivation mainly focuses on application technology aspects such as seed treatment，regulation of growth and development，improvement of substrate properties，grafting healing and application effects，and grafting and transplanting equipment．However，the basic theoretical research on the molecular mechanisms of seedling growth and development is relatively weak．The development of a smart seedling system including environment and biological information perception，growth and development models，and intelligent equipment is urgently needed．

From the perspective of industrial cluster development，this paper sorts out the competitive advantages of the Dutch vegetable industry and provides a reference for the clustered development of China’s vegetable industry．By sorting out data and information such as the production scale，production and trading entities，and export scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，this paper explores their core competitive advantages．The results show that although the production scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters is small，they maintain a sound development trend．All links within the clusters cooperate closely with remarkable industrial benefits，and they have prominent advantages in vegetable seed industry development，production technological innovation，vegetable product quality，and entity collaboration efficiency．China should draw on the development experience of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，by establishing vegetable seed industry clusters，promoting production technological innovation，keeping pace with the domestic and foreign market demand trends，developing characteristic vegetable industries，and building high-value-added，highly competitive and sustainable vegetable industry clusters．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has vigorously promoted various tasks in the seed industry，marking a crucial stage for the high-quality development of pepper genetic breeding．Although research on pepper genetics and breeding was not independently funded as a separate project in the national key R & D programs，it has received support from multiple scientific and technological projects of relevant national authorities，including programs for precise germplasm identification，gene discovery，germplasm innovation，and rural revitalization．Driven by genomics and multi-omics technologies，substantial progress has been made in both the genetic mechanisms and breeding technologies of pepper，representing one of the fastest-developing phases in recent years．There has been a significant increase in fundamental theoretical research，as well as in the diversity and number of released varieties，accompanied by an elevated proportion of high-quality cultivars．This paper 14th Five-year Plan’period，and provides an outlook for development in‘The 15th Five-year Plan’．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，radish genetic breeding research in China focused on the goals of high quality，multi-resistance，and specialization，achieving significant progress． In terms of genomics，the construction of high-quality T2T genomes and pan-genome maps has facilitated the precise evaluation of germplasm resources．Regarding trait analysis，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits such as taproot enlargement，bolting and flowering，quality formation，and clubroot resistance have been deeply elucidated，and molecular markers for marker-assisted selection have been developed． In the field of breeding technology，technical systems including isolated microspore culture，gene editing，and distant hybridization have matured，resulting in the creation of a number of elite breeding materials．In variety breeding，a series of breakthrough new varieties that are resistant to clubroot，functional，and suitable for mechanized production have been successfully bred and promoted．This paper systematically reviews the research progress in radish breeding over the past five years，analyzes the bottleneck problems currently faced，and proposes future development strategies centered on precision smart breeding．

Abstract：This study employs field investigations and questionnaire surveys to systematically analyze the current development status and existing challenges of mechanization in China’s vegetable industry．While the mechanization rate of vegetable production in China has been steadily increasing，the overall level remains
relatively low，with significant disparities observed across regions，production stages，and vegetable categories．Core issues include a weak foundation in vegetable equipment manufacturing，low integration among agronomic practices，agricultural machinery，and facility structure，insufficient technological innovation capabilities，and a shortage of specialized professionals．The research identifies development demands and five major trends for mechanization in China’s vegetable industry，formulates strategic objectives for short-term，medium-term，and long-term horizons，establishes five guiding principles including demand orientation and four development pathways，and proposes specific strategic measures spanning planning formulation，technological breakthroughs，industrial chain development，and the establishment of standard demonstration systems．Additionally，eight targeted policy recommendations are put forward as well．The research results provide strategic support for promoting the full and whole-process mechanization of China’s vegetable industry and building a strong national vegetable industry．

Abstract：In 2025，China’s garlic market exhibited three prominent characteristics：garlic prices shifted from high to low on a year-on-year（YoY）basis，overall price levels remained elevated，and exports followed a trend of‘ increased volume，decreased price，and reduced total value’．For 2026，driven by high inventory levels and expanded planting areas，garlic prices are highly likely to be lower than those of 2025，provided that no sustained or large-scale natural disasters occur in major producing regions. Currently，China’s garlic industry faces significant challenges，including the frequent occurrence of natural disasters，substantial price volatility，and excessive concentration of export markets．It is recommended to enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of garlic farmers，strengthen the dissemination of market information，and optimize the structure of export markets to promote the high-quality development of the garlic industry．

Abstract：This review summarizes recent research advances in efficient haploid breeding for field corn and fresh corn．We focus on the development of haploid inducer lines，haploid identification，and chromosome doubling，and systematically elucidate the effects of induction lines，maternal genetic materials，ecological and climatic conditions，and pollination periods on haploid induction efficiency in fresh corn．The findings provide theoretical guidance and practical application references for haploid breeding in fresh corn.

Abstract：ProT is a type of amino acid transporter located on the plasma membrane，belonging to the AAAP family，responsible for the transport of amino acids from the apoplast to the cytosol．This experiment cloned and performed bioinformatics analysis and localization analysis on the protein encoded by SlProT1．The results showed that the SlProT1 encodes 441 amino acids，with a molecular weight of 48.54 Kda and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.34．It is a stable hydrophobic protein with a protein structure including alpha helices，random coils，and extended strands．Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the SlProT1 is expressed in the root，stem，leaf，and flower tissues of tomatoes，with the highest expression level in the leaves，significantly higher than in the roots，stems，and flowers．Bioinformatics prediction shows that SlProT1 may be located on the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane，while subcellular localization of SlProT1-mCherry comfirmed that SlProT1 is located on the plasma

membrane．

Abstract：Purple flowering stalk（beetroot shoots）is an important overwintering vegetable in the  middle reaches of the Yangtze River and is widely favored for its rich nutritional value and crisp–sweet flavor．In this study，15 purple-flowering stalk varieties and one white-stalk variety were evaluated for their appearance，nutritional，and sensory qualities before and after frost．The results revealed substantial quality variation among varieties．Among them，the late-maturing varieties CT-14（‘Hongshancaitai-5’），CT-6 （‘Hongshancaitai-2’），and CT-1（‘Hongtai 1905’）exhibited superior overall performance and higher edible value，providing promising germplasm for breeding，cultivation，and product development．After exposure to low-temperature frost，significant changes were observed in appearance traits：shoot height decreased in nine varieties，stem thickness increased in six varieties，and both fresh and dry weights decreased in seven and six varieties，respectively．Regarding nutritional quality，soluble protein content increased significantly in 13 varieties，cellulose content decreased in all 15 varieties，and chlorophyll content increased in six varieties．For mineral elements，the levels of K，Ca，Na，and Mg increased in eight varieties，whereas Fe，Mn，and Cu decreased in six varieties，and Zn and S decreased in nine varieties．In addition，many key primary metabolites were altered，reflecting the physiological regulation and metabolic adaptability of purple flowering
stalk under extreme low-temperature conditions．Sensory evaluation showed that all 16 varieties received higher scores after frost．

Abstract：‘Nongjiao No.5’is a new mid-early maturity pepper F1 hybrid bred by crossing inbred line‘2014XL-11’as female parent and‘2014XL-63’as male parent．Its growth period is of about 150 days，and a first flowering node at the 7-8th node．The plant shows strong growth vigor，and loose plant type，with leaf is of lanceolate．The fruit is linear in shape，immature fruit is green，with shallow wrinkling and good glossiness，averaging 26.8 cm in length，1.8 cm in shoulder width，0.3 cm in flesh thickness，24.7 g in single fruit weight．Under open-field cultivation，the yield is about 39 t · hm-2．The ripe fruit is red， offering pungent and aromatic flavor，with good commercial quality．It is resistant to Phytophthora blight， moderately resistance to anthracnose and cucumber mosaic virus（CMV）．It is suitable for protected and open field cultivation in chili pepper planting areas in Xinjiang．

随着农业生产中人工成本日益增长，推进机械化作业已成为提升大白菜生产效益的必然趋势。河北省形成了一套大白菜全程机械化技术路线，实现了省种、省工、节肥、节水的目标，目前已在全省示范推广6 000 hm2。

With the continuous improvement of residents’living standards and the ongoing optimization of dietary structures，consumer demands for cabbage quality have changed from outward appearance（regular head shape and vibrant green color）to diversified requirements for taste，nutrition and health．Against this backdrop，this paper focused on China’s cabbage industry toward high-quality demand during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’period．It analyzed the market demand characteristics of high-quality cabbage and prevalent misconceptions in consumer perception，and summarized the development achievements of the highquality cabbage industry from the aspects of germplasm resource identification and gene mining，new variety development，as well as technique innovations in product processing and quality detection．On this basis，the paper further explored the future development trends of the high-quality cabbage industry．Through the above analyses，this review intends to provide insights for China’s cabbage industry in adaptation to the trend of highquality consumption upgrading and achieving of high-quality development．

During‘ The 14th Five-Year Plan’，important research progress has been made in eggplant genetics and breeding in China．The whole genome sequencing research of eggplant has reached the international advanced level．A number of key genes associated with the important agronomic traits were mapped and cloned，and the regulatory mechanisms were analyzed，as well as the molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection were developed．A number of excellent eggplant breeding materials have been selected and created，a lot of new eggplant varieties with different ecological types were cultivated to meet the needs of market consumption，and a great breakthrough has been achieved for the long season cultivation of eggplant varieties of northern facilities．This paper systematically summarized the great progress made during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’（2021-2025 year）in the application of basic research，breeding technology research，germplasm innovation and new variety breeding of eggplant．The main problems are analyzed and the future research directions that warrant further investigation were outlined．

Developing new quality productivity is an inherent requirement and core focus for promoting high-quality agricultural development．As one of the important pillar industries of agriculture in Beijing，the vegetable industry has been promoted by the emergence of new varieties，technologies，equipment，models，and entities．Research shows that there are currently six mismatches in the vegetable industry chain，including production scale and new production methods，production space and new management methods，high application costs and low operating income，technological maturity and actual needs of production entities，
and labor capacity and demand for new quality productivity，which limit the promotion and application of new quality productivity in Beijing．In this regard，multiple measures are proposed to promote moderate scale production，increase efforts to overcome spatial limitations，provide policy support to reduce costs and improve efficiency，promote technological maturity through technological innovation，and strengthen the quality of
workers through collaborative efforts，in order to explore the path to achieving high-quality development of the vegetable industry in Beijing．

In order to develop more competitive cultivars，scientists have carried out research on intervarietal or intersubspecific hybridization in Brassica rapa，B. oleracea and many achivements have made．In this paper，the research progress of intervarietal or intersubspecies hybridization breeding were reviewed in B. rapa and B. oleracea．The genetic relationship between varieties or subspecies is very close，there is no problem of cross incompatibility，but the morphological difference is very large．The intervarietal/subspecific hybridization can create more abundant germplasm resources，and the new cultivars can be developed after comparative identification for years．The first cultivar developed from intervarietal cross and wide-scale application in production is Baicaitai（white flowering chinese cabbage）．The earliest cultivar of intervariety
hybrid in B. oleracea is broccolini．Broccolinis are very popular in the western countries and Japan，but not in China although it has been extended for nearly 20 years．Hybridization between other varieties are being done，such as B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa
L. ssp. pekinensis，B. oleracea L. var. capitata × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei，B. oleracea L. var. caulorapa × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei and so on．A lot of elite germpasm has been developed such as male sterile
germplasm and materials resistant to clubroot and so on．

To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in broccoli，this study
employed mitochondrial SSR molecular markers to analyze genetic similarity and diversity among 24 advanced
inbred lines．The results showed that a total of 66 bands were amplified by 20 pairs of primers，of which 39
were polymorphic．The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.621 2 to 0.984 8，with a mean value
of 0.843 0．The closest genetic relationships were observed between QD06 and QD05，QD18 and QD16，
QD22 and QD21，the similarity coefficient were 0.984 8．In contrast，the most distant relationship was found
between QD01 and QD23，with a similarity coefficient of 0.621 2．Cluster analysis further confirmed that
QD05 and QD06，QD16 and QD18，and QD21 and QD22 shared the closest kinship，while QD14，QD23
formed separate clusters，indicating relatively distant relationships with other materials．The research results can provide a reference for the subsequent selection of hybrid parents in broccoli．

In view of the problems such as low germination rate，slow emergence，and resistance
degradation existing in the current main rootstocks（wild eggplants such as Solanum torvum）of eggplants．In
this study，9 wild eggplant hybrid progenies，previously developed by the Eggplant Research Group of the
Horticultural Institute，Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，were used as rootstock materials．The
cultivated eggplant variety‘ Yunqie No.9’ served as the scion．Meanwhile，two control groups were set up：
grafted seedlings of‘ Yunqie No.9’/Storvum Swartz and self-rooted seedlings of‘ Yunqie No.9’．Through
a comprehensive analysis of the grafting survival rate of the hybrid rootstock materials，the resistance to
verticillum wilt disease，and fruit yield and quality of the grafted plants was performed to screen superior
root stocks for subsequent production．The results showed that the graft survival rates of two hybrid rootstock materials，Z2（105 × 251） and Z5（192 × 143），were increased by 8.10% and 12.19% respectively，compared with Solanum torvum（Turkey berry）．The verticillium wilt disease index of their grafted seedlings
was reduced by 11.43 and 7.90 respectively，in contrast to those grafted onto Solanum torvum．The plant height of Z2 and Z5 grafted seedlings was 51.80 cm and 54.80 cm higher than that of the control，with their plant spread increased by 11.00 cm and 7.00 cm respectively．Meanwhile，the yields were improved by 2.96% and
4.57% separately．Neither of the two hybrid rootstocks exerted adverse effects on fruit quality．In conclusion，Z2 and Z5 exhibited superior comprehensive traits compared with the currently used rootstocks，and thus could be recommended as promising rootstock candidates for subsequent eggplant grafting．

Abstract：The epidemic outbreak of tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）has severely impacted
the safe production of important economic crops such as tomatoes and peppers in recent years．In this study，
specific RT-PCR combined with conventional Sanger sequencing was used to determine the full-length genomic
sequences of four ToBRFV isolates，followed by molecular characterization and genetic evolutionary analysis．
The phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genomic sequences of the ToBRFV isolates revealed that the four
sequenced isolates located in two distinct subclusters，indicating a probable trend of divergence．The readthrough
region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase（RdRP）encoded by ToBRFV and the gene encoding
the coat protein were highly conserved，while the genes encoding the 126 kDa replicase and the movement
protein contained sites with significant variation．These two high-mutation regions may be key areas for
ToBRFV to overcome host resistance and facilitate divergence．