During“The 14th Five-year Plan”period，genetic breeding research on broccoli in China

developed rapidly and achieved important research progress．A number of elite new broccoli cultivars and breeding resources were developed，and a breakthrough has been made in the haploid induction technology，restoration of male sterility and the alleviation of breeding bottlenecks in broccoli．The overall substitution rate of imported seeds increased to 39.2%，and applied basic research advanced rapidly．This paper systematically reviews China’s scientific achievements and research progress from 2021 to 2025 in terms of broccoli germplasm innovation，modern breeding technologies，and new cultivar development，and proposes the potential problems existing in the broccoli industry as well as future development trends．

In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual

backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．

Potato is a globally important food crop，whose tubers are rich in starch with unique

functional properties．It not only provides essential energy for humans but is also widely used in the food，pharmaceutical，and chemical industries．The biosynthesis of tuber starch follows a multi-step regulatory mechanism，and its accumulation is influenced both by intrinsic genetic controls and external environmental factors．In response to industrial application demands，optimizing the efficiency of starch deposition in tubers is of great significance for improving the raw material quality standards of starch processing enterprises．This paper systematically reviews the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of starch in potato tubers，with a focus on the mechanism of mineral nutrient regulation in starch accumulation．It aims to provide important theoretical foundations and technical support for the screening of high-starch potato germplasm resources，molecular breeding，and innovations in cultivation techniques．

Downy mildew，caused by the oomycete Peronospora destructor（Berk.）Casp.，is the most destructive fungal disease of onion（Allium cepa L.），often resulting in severe yield losses in bulb and seed production．A comprehensive understanding of the current research advances on this pathosystem is essential for effective disease management．Here，we summarize the previous study to provide an up-to-date review that covers：（i）the economic impact and symptomatology of onion downy mildew；（ii）the infection cycle and epidemic patterns；（iii）advances in resistance breeding；（iv）transcriptomic and genomic resources for both host and pathogen；（v）forecasting and diagnostic tools for outbreak detection；and（vi）contemporary control strategies．We further analyze the main challenges in current research on onion downy mildew and outline prospects for future development．This review is intended to provides a roadmap for fundamental research and science-based，sustainable management of onion downy mildew．

As a globally significant economic crop，lettuce plays an important role in vegetable cultivation．However，abiotic stresses severely affect the growth and quality of lettuce，resulting in substantial economic losses．Breeding resistant varieties is one of the most effective approaches for lettuce to cope with abiotic stresses，and the identification of stress-resistance genes is a prerequisite for resistance breeding．Currently，the identification of resistance genes has become a research hotspot for improving the response of lettuce to abiotic stresses．This review summarizes the genes and their functions related to lettuce responses to heat，cold，drought，and heavy metal stresses，providing a reference for enhancing stress resistance research in lettuce．

This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

Lateral branch development is a crucial agronomic trait that shapes the morphology of cucumber plants，directly influencing planting density，management efficiency，and overall yield．In this study，we constructed an F₂ genetic population from an infinite-growth inbred line‘1394’and a determinate-growth inbred line‘1395’to map and analyze the key regulatory genes involved in lateral branch growth．Our phenotypic assessments revealed that the determinate growth of cucumber lateral branches is controlled by a dominant gene pair．Initial mapping efforts identified a candidate gene for this trait within a 9.21 Mb region（16.67-25.88 Mb）on chromosome 6，utilizing bulked segregant analysis by sequencing（BSA-seq）．Through further fine-mapping with high-density molecular markers and the screening of recombinant individuals，we refined the mapped interval to a 290 kb genomic segment（23.24-23.53 Mb）．Bioinformatics analysis of wholegenome resequencing data identified three key candidate genes（CsaV3_6G040280，CsaV3_6G040440，and CsaV3_6G040540）located within this refined region．This study provides essential genetic evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cucumber lateral branch development and presents significant implications for the breeding of novel cucumber varieties tailored for high-density cultivation．

Abstract：Pugionium dolabratum is a kind of rare and endangered Cruciferous germplasm，exhibiting

multi-stress resistance such as drought and saline-alkali tolerance，with significant ecological and agricultural value．Imaging flow cytometry can distinguish nuclear signals from non-nucleus interference signals，resulting in higher accuracy．To investigate the genome sizes and their variation among different populations of P. dolabratum，this study employed imaging flow cytometry to analyze the nuclei from five P. dolabratum populations．The estimated genome sizes were 416-494 Mb，with a variation of 18.8%，indicating significant genetic differences among different populations．Four populations were surveyed using high-throughput sequencing，and the predicted genome sizes were 442-484 Mb．The results of the both methods were relatively similar（consistency 93%-97%，when heterozygosity ＜ 2%），confirming the reliability of imaging flow cytometry．For the genome heterozygosity exceeds 2%，the difference between the two methods reached 16%，indicating that it is necessary to use imaging flow cytometry to evaluate genome size in plants with high heterozygosity．The results provide technical support and data basis for genome sequencing，germplasm

protection on P. dolabratum．

Abstract：The growth-promoting effects of strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 were evaluated by germination box and pot experiments with carrot varieties‘ Zhongyu 1877’and‘Zhongyu 1749’，and the growth-promoting functions of the two strains were preliminarily analyzed．The results of germination box test showed that strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 could significantly improve the germination index of two carrot varieties．In contrast to the control，the germination rate increased by 9.00 pp to 26.00 pp，the germination potential increased by 9.25 pp to 24.25 pp，the germination index increased by 21.08% to 51.45%，and the vigor index increased by 20.77% to 96.11%．The results of pot experiment showed that the germination rate increased by 9.75 pp to 22.25 pp，the germination potential increased by 8.00 pp to 19.50 pp，the germination index increased by 13.27% to 34.82%，and the vigor index increased by 43.32% to 95.12%．At the seedling stage，the root length of‘Zhongyu 1877’increased by 78.88% after inoculation with SZJ-10，and the root length of‘Zhongyu 1749’increased by 43.96% after inoculation with SZJ-11．In the peak period of leaf growth，the root-shoot ratio，root activity and leaf length of‘Zhongyu 1877’inoculated with SZJ-10 increased by 48.48%，92.82% and 50.53%，respectively．The root-shoot ratio，root activity and leaf length of‘Zhongyu 1749’inoculated with SZJ-11 increased by 31.43%，49.98% and 33.33%，respectively．In the early stage of fleshy root expansion，the root length，root-shoot ratio and net photosynthetic rate of‘Zhongyu 1877’inoculated with SZJ-10 increased by 30.93%，23.48% and 63.40%，respectively．The root length，root-shoot ratio and netphotosynthetic rate of‘Zhongyu 1749’inoculated with SZJ-11 increased by 22.55%，17.12% and 33.10%，respectively．Functional analysis revealed that the two strains had the ability to secrete indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）and gibberellin（GA），and had the activities of iron，nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，potassium solubilization and ACC deaminase．It can be seen that strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 have good growth-promoting effects on carrots and are expected to be popularized and applied in the process of carrot planting．

Abstract：‘Hongguan No.4’is a new fresh-and-processing pepper F1 hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘PX-40-1-1-3-4’as female parent and inbred line‘PX-49-1-4-4-1-3’as male parent．It exhibits a compact plant type，with average height of 61.9 cm and spread of 51.7 cm．It is medium-maturing，with the initial flower appearing at the 14th node．The fruit is linear and straight，with a smooth surface and good gloss．Immature fruit is green，and commercial fruit is red．The average fruit length is 18.9 cm，diameter is 1.5 cm，flesh thickness is 0.18 cm，and single fruit weight is 21.7 g．The VC content is 430.5 mg · kg^-1， capsaicin content is 0.51 g · kg^-1，and spicy flavor is strong．It is moderately resistance to cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），anthracnose，and phytophthora blight．The yield of fresh red peppers is about 30 t · hm^-2．It can be made into pepper sauce，pickled pepper，and fresh consumption．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in the hilly regions of Sichuan Province and in processing pepper ecological zones in southern China．

Abstract：‘ Fendudu 0835’is a new cherry tomato F1 hybrid developed by crossing inbred line ‘CHT08’as female parent and‘CHT35’as male parent．It is of infinite growth type，and medium-late maturity．It is also suitable for easy and simplified cultivation．The mature fruit is of round shape，with pink in color，and it has dark green fruit shoulders during the immature stage of fruit．The single fruit weight is about 23 g．The flesh is crisp and juicy，with a bursting texture and sweet to sour flavor．It is resistant to cracking．It is resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCV），tobacco mosaic virus（TMV），cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），Fusarium wilt，rot-knot nematodes，and moderately resistant to tomato spotted wilt virus（TSWV），tomato gray leaf spot．The yield is about 63 t · hm-2，and it is suitable for planting in the autumn and winter seasons in Fujian Province．

近年来，随着预制菜产业发展，荠菜凭借独特风味与保健价值，产业发展迅速，市场潜力巨大。荠菜轻简化栽培技术在施肥、耕整地、播种、植保、采收等主要生产环节实现了机械化作业，有效解决了荠菜生产用工量大、生产效率低的难题，有助于实现标准化和规模化种植。

With consumption upgrading，the tomato consumption market is showing a diversified trend，and consumers’demand for high-quality tomatoes is becoming increasingly prominent．To gain insights into the pattern of China’s tomato industry amidst evolving market demands，this study conducted interviews with representatives from large domestic agricultural product wholesale markets，tomato breeding experts，and enterprises，and provided an analysis of the current status and development of China’s tomato industry．Currently，China’s tomato cultivation area continues to expand，with advantageous production regions developing rapidly. The varieties of tomatoes and cultivation methods are becoming increasingly diverse，and the market share of domestically bred varieties is gradually increasing．Molecular breeding and gene editing technologies are driving improvements in tomato breeding efficiency and the creation of disease-resistant germplasm．Moreover，the operation model of the entire tomato industry chain is emerging，and there is an urgent need to establish a tomato quality standard system to promote premium pricing for high-quality products，thereby meeting the market’s diversified and high-quality demands．

Abstract：To explore the variations in the expression patterns of genes associated with parthenocarpy in

eggplant，transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyze the parthenocarpic inbred line‘T-2’and the non-parthenocarpic inbred line‘T-11’．The findings revealed 708 significantly differentially expressed genes between the parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic inbred lines，encompassing 439 up-regulated genes and 269 down-regulated genes．GO enrichment analysis indicated that among the three major functional categories（biological process，cellular component，and molecular function），the up-regulated genes were primarily enriched in 8 pathways．Further KEGG enrichment analysis identified 6 365 genes，with 141 of them being significantly differentially expressed，and 84 gene pathways were annotated．qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that in the inbred line‘T-2’，the expression peaks of 16 genes mostly occurred at 3 days post-flowering，whereas thepeak times in the inbred line‘T-11’were more dispersed．Comprehensive analysis suggested that these genes may play a crucial role in the hormone signal transduction process during eggplant parthenocarpy．

In order to screen the suitable reference genes for the analysis of the relative expression level of anthocyanidin synthesis genes in different varieties and tissues of chili fruits，eight candidate internal reference
genes，namely，GAPDH，Actin，β-TUB，PP2A，UBQ2，DNA-J，ATPS，and ACBP，were selected for the analysis of the expression profiles of these targeted genes．They were examined in three fruit tissues（placenta，flesh，and seeds）from six pepper varieties，with three distinct fruit colors（yellow，red and green）using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）．The expression stability of the candidate internal reference genes was assessed using GeNorm，NormFinder，BestKeeper and RefFinder software．The results showed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase（GAPDH）was the most suitable reference gene and ATP synthase（ATPS）was the least suitable reference gene in fruits of different varieties of Capsicum annuum．Using GAPDH as the reference gene，qRT-PCR analysis of key gnenes（chalcone synthase，CHS and chalcone isomerase，CHI）in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in different fruit tissues revealed significant expression variations among three pepper varieties with three different fruit colors，with expression trends consistent with transcriptome data．In contrast，using ATPS as the reference gene，the expression patterns of CHS and CHI deviated from the transcriptome data．The results showed that GAPDH was a stable gene in different fruit tissues of different varieties of chili peppers，and this study provides a valuable reference for the functional analysis of anthocyanidin synthesis-related genes and their regulatory mechanism in different fruit tissues across different varieties of chili peppers．

Pumpkin（Cucurbita maxima）is one of the important vegetables with significant nutritional and economic values．To investigate the genetic diversity of commercial pumpkin varieties，we re-sequenced the genomes of 52 pumpkin germplasm materials using the next generation sequencing platform．The sequencing data were filtered and variation sites were identified，and then the phylogenetic analysis was performed．The results showed that 52 commercial pumpkin germplasm materials had abundant genetic diversity．Single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）and insertion-deletion（InDel）loci had regional clustering tendencies with different distribution densities．The 52 pumpkin germplasm materials were divided into 7 groups by phylogenetic analysis，including 2，10，1，5，11，7 and 16 varieties，respectively．The first group contained two varieties of‘Jinli No.2’and‘Huobite’．The third group consisted of only‘Junrong’，which had great genetic differences with the other commercial varieties．These results provide substantial information for variety protection and breeding of pumpkins．

Ethylene response factor（ERF）is a pivotal transcription factor that modulates plant stress responses and anthocyanin biosynthesis．In this study，28 significantly differentially expressed ERF family members were identified using transcriptomic data from green and purple Dioscorea opposita plants exposed to saline-alkali stress．All these proteins harbor the conserved AP2 domain，characteristic WLG and YRG units，and a conserved tandem motif arrangement（motif 2-motif 3-motif 1）．Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that these ERF proteins consist of 143–327 amino acids，with molecular weights ranging from 15.9 to 35.3 kDa，and theoretical isoelectric points of 4.78-9.73；they are predominantly acidic and hydrophilic．All 28 ERFs proteins are localized in the nucleus，with 9 also showing cytoplasmic localization．Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these 28 ERFs proteins share high homology with known ERFs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in other species，implying their potential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis．In addition，their promoter sequences contain cis-acting elements responsive to light，hormones，environmental stress，and growth and development．The findings provide a foundation for further functional investigations into the role of ERF proteins in anthocyanin biosynthesis in D. opposita．

Black rot is the predominant bacterial disease affecting broccoli production．In this study，the black rot resistance of 62 cruciferous materials were assessed at the seedling stage using a spray inoculation method．Four materials highly resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris race 3 were identified，including three broccoli varieties and one yellow rocketcress with disease indexes below 11.1．Conversely，four highly susceptible materials were also identified，including three broccoli and one cabbage，with disease indexes exceeding 80.00．The resistant materials screened in this study lay a foundation for subsequent breeding of black rot-resistant broccoli．

To explore the effects of melatonin（MT）priming on the emergence rate of cabbage seeds and the heat tolerance of seedlings，the open-field winter cabbage variety‘Zhonggan 1305’was treated with different concentrations of MT，which aimed to explore the effects of MT priming on the emergence rate of seeds，the morphological indicators（root length，fresh weight）and physiological characteristics（photosynthetic pigments，osmotic adjustment substances，membrane lipid peroxidation）under hightemperature stress（37 ℃）．The results showed that high-temperature stress at 37 ℃ significantly reduced the emergence rate of‘Zhonggan 1305’by 19.77%，compared with the temperature of 22 ℃．Treatment with 75 μmol · L-1 MT could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effect caused by the stress．Compared with the unprimed group，the emergence rate of‘Zhonggan 1305’seeds treated with 75 μmol · L-1 MT significantly increased by 13.22%，and the root length and fresh weight significantly increased by 25.40% and 18.59%，respectively．Physiological indices revealed that the contents of chlorophyll a，chlorophyll b，total chlorophyll content，andthe proline content in the seedling leaves significantly increased by 50.67%，83.04%，58.45%，and 105.35%，respectively，while the relative electrical conductivity and the malondialdehyde（MDA）content significantly
decreased by 42.60% and 33.78% respectively．In conclusion，MT priming alleviated the inhibitory effect of 37 ℃ high-temperature stress on the emergence of cabbage seeds and significantly enhanced seedlings heat tolerance by activating the antioxidant defense system and improving cell membrane stability.

Using the broccoli（Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck）inbred line‘V04D0002’as experimental material，two WRKY53 homologous genes，BoWRKY53-1 and BoWRKY53-2，were cloned from seedling cDNA through PCR amplification．The coding sequences（CDS）of BoWRKY53-1 and BoWRKY53-2 are 948 and 966 bp in length，encoding 315 and 321 amino acids，respectively，with a protein sequence identity of 95%．Subcellular localization predictions indicate that both proteins are localized to the nucleus．Quantitative real-time PCR（qRT-PCR）analysis revealed that both genes are expressed in broccoli leaves，flowers，and florets，with significantly higher expression levels detected in florets．Furthermore，under low-temperature stress，BoWRKY53-2 exhibited significantly up-regulated expression at 3，6，and 9 hours after treatment compared to the control group，whereas BoWRKY53-1 showed a significant increase only at the 6-hour time point．These findings suggest that both BoWRKY53-1 and BoWRKY53-2 respond to cold stress and may play roles in the plant’s adaptation to low-temperature environments．

In order to standardize the cultivation of head lettuce in the Beijing area，we studied the effects
of different planting densities on the growth，yield，quality，and planting benefits of the‘Radar’in the
spring crop of plastic greenhouses．The results showed that the plant height and width of head lettuce during
the rosette stage were not significantly affected by the planting density．During the harvest period，the mass
of leaf balls and the net vegetable yield per unit area showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing
with the increase of density，then the content of VC，the aboveground biomass per unit area，the number of
commercial vegetables，output value，and profit all showed an increasing trend with the increase of density．
When the planting density reaches 94 500 plants per hectare，the VC content，aboveground biomass per unit
area，the number of commercial vegetables，output value and profit of head lettuce are the highest．Therefore，
it is recommended that the planting density of head lettuce for the spring crop in plastic greenhouses be 94 500
plants per hectare to achieve higher planting benefits.

Based on the SPS（sanitary and phytosanitary）/TBT（technical barriers to trade）notifications for China’s vegetable exports from the WTO（World Trade Organization）statistics，this paper analyzes the general situation，types，and trends of TBT faced by China’s vegetable exports from 1996 to 2022．The research indicates that the TBT faced by China’s vegetable exports are characterized by a significant increase in the number of SPS/TBT notifications，with developed economies accounting for the majority of these notifications．The main types of TBT include commodity quarantine and inspection regulations，technical regulations and standards，and packaging and labeling requirements．The TBT faced by China’s vegetable exports show trends such as increasingly stringent technical standards，more involved stages，broader impact coverage，and more mandatory measures．Finally，this paper proposes policy recommendations，including
strengthening technological innovation and quality safety management across the entire industry chain，promoting mutual recognition of standards and active participation in international standard-setting，and enhancing market monitoring and responses to TBT．

Solanaceae crops are among the significant vegetable crops in our country. DNA fingerprinting technology directly reflects the variations at the individual DNA level and has emerged as the primary tool for variety identification in recent years. In this study，the research progress of DNA fingerprinting of representative Solanaceae crops（tomato，potato，pepper，eggplant，tobacco，wolfberry）was reviewed. The application of DNA fingerprinting in variety identification，genetic diversity analysis，marker-assisted breeding and other genetic breeding fields was elaborated. The existing issues in the breeding of Solanaceae crops were discussed. It provides technical support for variety protection，parental selection and genetic breeding of this type of crop in the future.

From the perspective of trade flow，this study combines social network theory with trade indicators to investigate the changes and patterns in the global vegetable seed trade pattern，and to identify the supply security of Chinese vegetable seeds．The results indicate that the global vegetable seed trade network continues to expand in scale，with increasing network density and enhanced trade accessibility．The position of core countries such as the Netherlands，the United States，and France in the internet is stable，and they have always been at the forefront in terms of trade intensity，trade independence，and trade control．The Chinese vegetable seed industry is increasingly integrated into the global vegetable seed cycle．While gaining international division of labor benefifi ts，external market inflfl uence is gradually increasing，but overall risks are controllable．Propose to strengthen technological innovation and intellectual property protection as important measures to consolidate the foundation of food security and seed source security；to build an innovation ecosystem for the seed industry，strengthen industrial collaboration，and guide enterprises to specialize and deeply cultivate advantageous areas；we need to strengthen our overseas layout，deepen international cooperation and division of labor in the seed industry，and other policy recommendations．

Bacterial soft rot in cucumber is a serious bacterial disease that is caused by Pectobacterium carotovora subspecies brasiliensis．This article mainly reviews recent research progress in the identififi cation of the pathogen，pathogenic mechanism，resistance identification methods，inheritance analysis of disease resistance，genetic mapping of disease resistance genes，and control methods of cucumber bacterial soft rot in cucumber．Meanwhile，the future research directions are prospected，aiming to provide references for disease resistant breeding of cucumber bacterial soft rot．

Purple Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis）presents colorful leaf heading，and is rich in anthocyanins．Because anthocyanins have benefit function of antioxidant，anti-cancer，and enhancing immune defense for people’s health，research and application of purple Chinese cabbage and functional genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis have been hot topics all over the world．Based on the research results in the past two decades about the sources of purple traits in Chinese cabbage，along with the phenotypes of purple leaf heading and the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes associated with purple traits from different sources and their applications，regulatory factors and functional genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis are reviewed in the article．The aims are to sort the molecular mechanisms regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and summarize breakthrough achievements in key functional genes in purple Chinese cabbage in order to further elucidate the reasons of genes related to the diverse purple phenotypes and cross-sectional appearances of purple leaf heading Chinese cabbage．These results will help new purple varieties breeding in Chinese cabbage．

Abstract：Sugar transporter proteins（STPs）are an important class of important monosaccharide transporter proteins that play a crucial roles in plant growth and development．In this study，we used bioinformatics methods were used to identify and analyze the CmSTP gene family in melon（Cucumis melo L.），and the chromosome distribution，gene structure，evolutionary and collinearity relationship，promoter sequence，tissue expression were further characterized. The results showed that the CmSTP gene family contains 18 members，named CmSTP1 to CmSTP18 in sequence，which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes except for chromosome 1，3，10 and 11．All 18 genes contain at least one introns，and most of them contain three introns．In the phylogenetic tree analysis，showed that theall 18 CmSTP genes were divided into three subfamilies．Collinearity analysis revealed that there were thirteen pairs of genes with collinearity relationship were identified between melon and tomato，and seven pairs between melon and Arabidopsis thaliana were identified.The analysis of promoter sequences analysis identified various hormones and light-responsive cisregulatory elements．The expression analysis showed that 12 CmSTP genes expressed only in specific tissue，indicating that they may act different functions in different tissues or development stages of melon．These results lay a foundation for further investigation into exploring the functions of the STP gene family in regulating the growth and development of melon plants．

Abstract：Since 2000，the global garlic industry and import-export trades have witnessed profound transformations．To comprehensively and objectively understand the current development status of the global and Chinese garlic industries as well as the general situation of their international trade，this study analyzed data on garlic harvested area，production，yield，and import-export trade in China and worldwide，based on statistics released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO），the National Bureau of Statistics of China（NBSC），and China Customs，combined with literature reports．The results show that Asia is the most critical garlic-producing region globally in terms of both harvested area and production，with China，India，and Bangladesh ranking among the top three in the world．China has long maintained the world’s largest harvested area and production，and its yield ranks fourth globally，approximately 50% of Kuwait’s yield-the highest level in the world ．Garlic is one of the most actively traded agricultural products internationally．In 2022，the global import volume of garlic amounted to around 2.35 million tons，valued at nearly 3 billion US dollars，while the export volume reached 2.63 million tons，valued at over 2.7 billion US dollars. Indonesia is the world’s largest garlic importer，with an import volume of 566 200 tons in 2022， accounting for 24.22% of the global total，and a value of 598 million US dollars，representing 20.10% of the total import value．China is the world’s largest garlic exporter. In 2022，China’s garlic export volume reached 2 035 900 tons，accounting for 77.42% of the global total，with an export value of 1 796 million US dollars，constituting 64.79% of the global export value．Over the past decade，China’s average international market share in garlic export volume has slightly decreased to 79.46%，while its average international market share in export value has increased to 68.78%．Spain is a country where both the average international market shares in garlic export volume and value have increased by more than 2%．In 2023，Chinese mainland garlic exports reached over 140 trading partners，and Southeast Asian countries were the main destinations，while exports to developed countries remained relatively limited．Shandong，Jiangsu，and Henan are the top three provinces in China ’s garlic exports，with their cumulative export volume and value accounting for over 92%．Despite China’s indisputable dominance in garlic harvested area，production，and export trade on the global stage， several major challenges constrain the healthy and sustainable development of the industry．In response to these challenges，this paper proposes suggestions for the development of China’s garlic industry．

Abstract：In the soilless cultivation of tomato in intelligent greenhouse，the appropriate nutrient solution formula and its dynamic adjustment strategy are the key to achieve high quality and high yield．In this paper，the appropriate ratios of N/K，K/Ca/Mg，P/Ca，NH4+ /NO3- in diff erent growth stages of tomato were elaborated．The effects of pH，water alkalinity，hardness，total dissolved salts and EC（electrical conductivity）value of feeding water and nutrient solution on the availability of nutrients，growth and development，yield and quality of tomato were discussed．The concentration of nutrients in the nutrient

solution and the appropriate content in different parts of tomato plants were introduced．This paper also summarized the classic standard formulations of tomato nutrient solution at home and abroad，and its scope of application and changes in diff erent phenological growth periods．The feasibility of the application of organic nutrient solution in soilless cultivation of tomato were discussed．In this paper，the professional institutions，instruments and equipment and online in-situ detection methods of nutrient solution testing at home and abroad were introduced，as well as the method of dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution formula and the online decision support system for nutrient solution formula adjustment according to the target value of nutrient solution in the root zone of tomato at diff erent growth stages．It was proposed that the nutrient solution formula should

be dynamically adjusted according to different tomato varieties，growth stages，feeding water quality and climatic conditions to obtain the best yield and quality．It is s uggested that Chinese researchers should speed up the research and development of on-line in-situ detection equipment and on-line decision-making support system for dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution，narrow the gap with f oreign advanced countries，and improve the intelligent level of dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution．This paper can provide a reference for growers and technicians of soilless tomato cult ivation in intelligent greenhouses．

Abstract：The tomato SlDSP gene is involved in the regulation of sepal morphology．To investigate the relationship between tomato calyx morphology and fruit quality composition，wild-type tomato TI1101 with naturally mutated dsp calyx base and upright calyx blackberry tomato（WT）with overexpressed SlDSP gene calyx base plants were used as materials．The main fl avor quality，nutritional quality，and commercial quality of mature fruits were compared and analyzed．The results showed that mutations or overexpression of the SlDSP gene led to diff erent calyx shapes in tomatoes，which in turn aff ected the total sugar content，glucose content，fructose content，sugar-to-acid ratio，lycopene content，vitamin C content，soluble solids content， and calyx depression size．These traits were signifi cantly higher in the encapsulated calyx tomato than in the basal calyx tomato，and the basal calyx tomato was signifi cantly higher than the erect calyx tomato．Total acid content，citric acid content，and malic acid content were signifi cantly higher in erect calyx tomatoes than in basal calyx tomatoes，and basal calyx tomatoes were signifi cantly higher than in enveloped calyx tomatoes． Single fruit weight and fruit fi rmness were signifi cantly higher in enveloped and erect calyx tomatoes than in basal fl at calyx tomatoes．This indicates that tomato calyx morphology not only aff ects fruit appearance quality but also plays an important role in fruit nutritional quality and taste．Regulation of calyx morphology by the SlDSP gene is an eff ective approach to improving fruit quality．

Abstract：In this study，employed bioinformatics methods to analyze the physicochemical properties，conserved domains，transmembrane domains，and secondary/tertiary protein structures of the watermelon ERECTA gene（gene ID：Cla97C05G096750）．Additionally，phylogenetic tree clustering analysis was performed．The full-length CDS sequence of the watermelon ERECTA gene was cloned，and its tissue-specific expression patterns under abiotic stresses were investigated ．The results revealed that the ERECTA gene spans 6 894 bp，containing 27 exons and 26 introns，and is located on chromosome 5（25 867 785-25 874 678 bp），encoding 991 amino acids ．Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this amino acid sequence shares a close evolutionary relationship with melon and cucumber，while showing the most distant relationship with rice．qRT-PCR demonstrated that the ERECTA gene exhibited higher expression levels in female fl owers and leaves，but the lowest in stems. Under salt stress，its expression was upregulated，whereas it showed an initial increase followed by a decrease under drought and cold stresses，suggesting its potential role in stress responses． This study provides a foundation for future functional investigations of this gene in watermelon and targeted improvement of key agronomic traits．

Abstract：Multi-span smart greenhouses，a representative type of modern horticultural facilities，its main cultivated tomato varieties have long relied on imported from abroad and basic data on the environmental factors necessary for localized tomato cultivation are insufficient for cultivation instruction．Cherry tomato variety‘Sapolo’is the maily uesd variety imported abroad，we conducted light-temperature coupling regulation experiments during the entire growth period in Beijing multi-span smart greenhouses．Results showed that ‘Sapolo’requires 2 941.60 ℃ · d eff ective accumulated temperature（base temperature 10 ℃）and accumulates25 661.29 μmol · m-2 · s-1 photosynthetic active radiation（PAR）during its growth cycle of 240 days from transplanting to vine removal．At fi nal harvest stage，plants exhibited：756.17-821.93 cm height，8.28-10.12 mm stem diameter，96.15-101.85 cumulative leaves，23.95-28.60 infl orescences，23.70-27.00 fruit clusters，and 6.31-7.14 kg yield per plant．This pioneering study clarifi es the light-temperature requirement thresholds and yield formation patterns of‘Sapolo’in northern China’s multi-span smart greenhouses，providing theoretical basis for breeding specialized cherry tomato varieties in domestic facility agriculture．

To investigate the relationship between flavor compounds and sensory characteristics in five tasty tomato cultivars，this study analyzed soluble sugars，organic acids，amino acids，and sensory attributes using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS），human sensory evaluation，and electronic tongue （E-tongue）．Results indicated that‘Nongfu No.1’exhibited the highest total sugar and acid content．While ‘Yulinglong’achieved the highest sensory evaluation score，indicating its superior overall fl avor preference among consumers．A quadratic correlation was observed between sugar-to-acid ratio and sensory scores，with an optimal range（27.47-28.50）significantly enhancing sweet-sour balance and aftertaste．Principal component analysis of E-tongue data revealed similar taste profiles between‘Yulinglong’and‘ Nongfu No.1’，whereas‘Jiatelin’‘Gaoshanbaoshi’and‘Yuanwei No.1’clustered closely．Sensory scores showed signifi cant positive correlations with fructose，glucose，malic acid，and specifi c amino acids．Collectively，‘Yulinglong’demonstrated optimal fl avor performance and market potential．This study provides a scientific basis for tomato cultivar selection and quality improvement.

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase（RdRP）of tomato zonate spot virus（TZSV）is a key enzyme for viral replication and transcription．This study aims to provide essential materials for the detection and diagnosis of TZSV and to lay the foundation for further research on the roles of RdRP in viral gene expression regulation and virus-host interactions．To achieve this，a fragment of the RdRP was expressed in a prokaryotic system and polyclonal antibodies were prepared．The results are as follows：a 903 bp fragment of the TZSV RdRP-a was amplifi ed from the leaves of infected tomato plants and a recombinant protein with a molecular weight of approximately 36 kDa was obtained through prokaryotic expression．After purifying the recombinant protein and immunizing mice，polyclonal antibodies were preparerd，with the titer of the polyclonal antiserum reached 1∶128 000．Western blot analyses confirmed that the prepared polyclonal
antibodies could specifi cally recognize both the recombinant TZSV-RdRP protein and the native virus．

High-temperature stress is an important environmental factor limiting the growth and
development of tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.），while melatonin（melatonin，MT），as a multifunctional
plant growth regulator，plays an important role in enhancing plant stress resistance．This study investigated the
regulatory eff ects of exogenous melatonin（ 200 μmol · L^-1）on the growth and physiological characteristics of
tomato seedlings under high-temperature stress（38 °C/25 °C，day/night）．The results indicated that hightemperature stress signifi cantly inhibited seedling growth，reducing plant height，stem diameter，leaf length，
and leaf width by 25.6%，30.6%，20.6%，and 27.5%，respectively．At the same time，malondialdehyde
（MDA）content and relative conductivity increased signifi cantly．Melatonin treatment restored plant height and stem diameter to the control level at normal temperature，and signifi cantly reduced the MDA content on the 6th
and 9th days after treatment and the relative conductivity content on the Day 3, Day 6, and Day 9 after treatment，
thereby maintaining membrane integrity．High-temperature stress induced increased activities of activities of
superoxide dismutase（SOD），catalase（CAT），and peroxidase（POD）in tomato seedlings，and melatonin
further enhanced the activities of SOD，CAT，and POD．Additionally，melatonin promoted the accumulation
of osmoregulatory substances ，and the proline content increased by 67.9%．Comprehensive analysis suggests that
melatonin alleviated heat-induced damage by enhancing antioxidant defense and osmoregulation capacity．

The in-situ retention of greenhouse vegetable straw is an eff ective way to address agricultural waste pollution and improve soil quality．However，existing technologies mainly focus on vegetable production in northern greenhouses，with insufficient consideration of the differentiated characteristics of southern greenhouse paddy-upland rotation systems．This study investigates the effects of tomato straw removal（CK ），in-situ straw retention（TR），in-situ straw retention with chemical soil disinfection（TR + C），and in-situ straw retention with microbial agents（TR + M）on soil properties and crop growth under a plastic greenhouse paddy-upland rotation（rice/tomato）model．The results showed that TR，TR + C，and TR + M treatments signifi cantly increased the content of organic carbon，total nitrogen，available potassium and the soil quality index in the root zone ．Among them，the TR + M treatment showed the most signifi cant improvement，with increases of 156.3%，14.0%，18.0%，24.0% and 224.6% in organic carbon，total nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium and soil quality index，respectively，compared to CK．Additionally，the TR + M treatment demonstrated excellent productivity in rice（plant height，stem diameter，number of leaves and tillers，plant dry and fresh weights，number of eff ective panicles，number of grains per panicle，thousand-grain weight，yield）and tomato（plant height，stem diameter，number of leaves，plant dry weight，yield）．The yields of rice and tomato were increased signifi cantly by 76.8% and 31.8%，respectively，in the TR + M treatment compared to CK．In summary，the in-situ retention of tomato straw coupled with microbial agents can effectively improve soil quality and productivity in southern greenhouse paddy-upland rotation systems．

In recent years，China’s tomato industry has shown rapid development，and occupies an important position in the vegetable industry． Based on the data of 2017—2023，this paper comprehensively analyzes the development status and cost benefi ts of the tomato industry． From the perspective of the current development status，China’s tomato industry has realized annualized supply and formed six major tomato planting advantageous regions． From the point of cost-benefi t，the total cost and net profi t of tomato in China showed an upward trend from 2017 to 2023，and the cost profi t margin was in a fl uctuating state． However， the rising cost pressure and the large fl uctuation of the net profi t of facility tomato constrain the healthy and sustainable development of the tomato industry． In view of the above problems，this article proposes three perspectives of quality and efficiency paths for the tomato industry from the perspective of digital wisdom empowerment，mechanism soundness，and seed industry innovation：develop wisdom production，optimize the cost structure；build a whole chain synergistic mechanism to reduce the total cost；and promote scientifi c and technological innovation in the tomato seed industry to reduce the cost of planting and production．

Anthocyanins，a class of polyphenolic pigments widely present in the plant kingdom，are typically absent in tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）fruits ．Genetic engineering and other breeding methods can be employed to develop anthocyanin-enriched tomato varieties．In recent years，signifi cant advancements had been made in the genetics and regulation of tomato anthocyanins．This paper reviews the biosynthetic pathway of tomato anthocyanins，the genetic localization of anthocyanin-related genes in plants，and the progress in genes editing tomato anthocyanin genes．These studies further elucidate the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of tomato anthocyanins，providing theoretical support and reference for future research and innovation aimed at enhancing tomato quality through the utilization of anthocyanins．

Tomato is one of the three major traded vegetables globally and holds a significant position in international vegetable trade．Tomato virus disease is one of the common and severely damaging diseases in tomato production，and there is no cure once the plant is infected．Toma to chlorosis virus（ToCV）is transmitted by whitefl y vectors of the family Aleyrodidae in a semi-persistent，non-circulative manner．Tomato plants infected with ToCV exhibit symptoms such as leaf yellowing，interveinal chlorosis，leaf margin curling，and growth retardation，severely impacting tomato yield and quality．This article reviews the recent research progress on ToCV，discussing its distribution characteristics，host range，classifi cation and particle properties，transmission routes and characteristics，genome st ructure and function，common detection methods，and control measures．Additionally，it proposes some urgent issues to be addressed in ToCV research，aiming to provide a reference for future studies on ToCV．

Tomato spotted wilt virus（TSWV）is a thrips-transmitted plant virus belonging to the genus Orthotospovirus within the family Bunyaviridae ．With an extensive host range，TSWV can infect over 1 000 plant species across more than 85 families，causing severe damage to economically important crops such as tomatoes，peppers，lettuce，and peanuts ．In recent years，due to climate change and the spread of thrips vectors，the global impact of TSWV has intensified．This review summarizes the host range，disease characteristics，geographical distribution，transmission mechanisms，genome structure，pathogenic mechanisms，and control strategies of TSWV，in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of the virus．