In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual

backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．

This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

With consumption upgrading，the tomato consumption market is showing a diversified trend，and consumers’demand for high-quality tomatoes is becoming increasingly prominent．To gain insights into the pattern of China’s tomato industry amidst evolving market demands，this study conducted interviews with representatives from large domestic agricultural product wholesale markets，tomato breeding experts，and enterprises，and provided an analysis of the current status and development of China’s tomato industry．Currently，China’s tomato cultivation area continues to expand，with advantageous production regions developing rapidly. The varieties of tomatoes and cultivation methods are becoming increasingly diverse，and the market share of domestically bred varieties is gradually increasing．Molecular breeding and gene editing technologies are driving improvements in tomato breeding efficiency and the creation of disease-resistant germplasm．Moreover，the operation model of the entire tomato industry chain is emerging，and there is an urgent need to establish a tomato quality standard system to promote premium pricing for high-quality products，thereby meeting the market’s diversified and high-quality demands．

Abstract：In 2025，China’s garlic market exhibited three prominent characteristics：garlic prices shifted from high to low on a year-on-year（YoY）basis，overall price levels remained elevated，and exports followed a trend of‘ increased volume，decreased price，and reduced total value’．For 2026，driven by high inventory levels and expanded planting areas，garlic prices are highly likely to be lower than those of 2025，provided that no sustained or large-scale natural disasters occur in major producing regions. Currently，China’s garlic industry faces significant challenges，including the frequent occurrence of natural disasters，substantial price volatility，and excessive concentration of export markets．It is recommended to enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of garlic farmers，strengthen the dissemination of market information，and optimize the structure of export markets to promote the high-quality development of the garlic industry．

Abstract：Facility horticulture，as an important part of modern agriculture，has a key role in ensuring a stable supply of agricultural products，efficient use of resources，and promoting farmers’income．At present，although China’s facility horticulture has formed a large industrial scale，in its high-quality development is still facing multiple practical challenges：insufficient land security leads to prominent contradictions，and the polarization of facility performance triggered by the waste of production capacity；the key technology and equipment dependent on imports，seed‘bottlenecks’，low level of mechanization，the digital construction of a mere formality；market operation in planting planning is often blind，cost-benefit imbalance，poor production and marketing convergence；socialized service system is not sound，the aging of practitioners and other issues restricting industrial upgrading．In view of the above challenges，this paper puts forward a systematic countermeasures：in terms of land and facility construction，improve the differentiated land guarantee mechanism，promote the transformation of old facilities and the construction of appropriate mechanization standards；strengthen the synergy between government，industry，academia，research and application in the field of technology and equipment，break through the bottleneck of localization of seeds and intelligent equipment，and improve the policy of subsidies for agricultural machinery；optimize the planting guidance and income guarantee at the level of market mechanism，and build a digital production，marketing and circulation system；regarding the service system，cultivate diversified business subjects，strengthen the whole industrial chain socialized services，and promoting the internal and external attraction of talents．

Abstract：The vegetable seedling industry in Zhejiang Province has made steady progress in transitioning toward standardization，intensification，and intelligentization，yet still faces bottlenecks such as weak independent innovation capacity，small-scale market entities，and homogeneous competition．Based on field surveys and case analyses，this paper systematically summarizes five typical development models：industryacademia collaborative innovation，regional hub-driven development，full-chain integration，socialized services， and high-end demonstration．It dissects the key factors restricting industrial upgrading from the perspectives of independent innovation，industrial concentration，market mechanisms，and service regulation．Accordingly， four countermeasures are proposed：establishing a pilot verification technology chain connecting breeding with commercial application，optimizing regional hub layouts and contract-based production mechanisms， implementing quality grading and traceability systems for commercial seedlings，and improving grassroots technical services and quality supervision systems．These strategies aim to provide actionable references for enhancing the efficiency and modern transformation of the vegetable seedling industry in Zhejiang Province．

Abstract：Eggplant is an important solanaceous fruit vegetable in China，characterized by extensive cultivation coverage and high yield，with its planting area ranking fifth among all domestic cultivated vegetables．Diversified consumption patterns of eggplant have been developed across China，and distinctive habitual consumption preferences have taken shape in different geographical regions．Combined with years of practical experience in eggplant seed marketing and variety breeding，this paper systematically summarizes the core characteristics，market demands，cultivation patterns，geographical distribution and variety requirements of major commercial eggplant types in China from the perspective of market consumption. The cultivated areas of different eggplant types are also estimated based on seed consumption volume．The results reveal that commercial eggplant cultivars in China are categorized into nine mainstream consumption groups plus a set of specialty eggplant ecotypes．Targeted elite cultivars such as firm-fleshed long purple eggplant and amaranthred long eggplant have been bred to adapt to varied production systems including greenhouse，arch shed and open-field cultivation in line with regional consumption preferences and local agroclimatic conditions．Current eggplant breeding is evolving toward three orientations：dedicated cultivars for barbecue processing，varieties compatible with prefabricated vegetable processing，and genotypes with enhanced stress tolerance．Eggplant production exhibits prominent regional agglom eration，with large-scale production bases covering over ten thousand mu emerging in Shouguang，Emei and other key production zones．Differentiated regional planting
layout has been established for distinct cultivars，and the national total cultivation area exceeds ten million mu，which guarantees stable domestic market supply of eggplant．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

Abstract：Compared with traditional experience-based strategies，optimal control has significant potential to improve crop production efficiency in Chinese solar greenhouses（CSGs）．However，the optimal CSG climate control approach that can be implemented based on conventional local controllers is currently lacking．This study first introduces an innovative tabular scoring method for tomato growth assessment．It involves designing scoring tables for air temperature，shortwave radiation，and effective accumulated temperature， and assigning weighted scores to capture both instantaneous and long-term effects．Then，a CSG climate-crop growth model is developed，followed by the formulation of the optimal control problem．The resulting control system is designed to be compatible with simple controllers，with a focus on exploring the optimal combination of controller setpoints and their reference values．The proposed control approach was evaluated in CSG tomato production scenarios in Beijing．Results show that the control-oriented tomato growth assessment method produced scores that agreed with measured growth trends under different greenhouse climates，effectively simulating the impact of environmental conditions on crop growth．Among various optimal control strategies for the thermal blanket based on setpoints of time and climates，the strategy using combined temperature and radiation setpoints yielded the greatest potential for improving CSG production efficiency．Accordingly，we recommend this setpoint combination for controller design in CSGs．This research provides technical support and a practical framework for deploying optimal control in CSG climate management．

Abstract：To clarify the growth-promoting and disease-control effects of a novel composite microbial agent‘ Zhongke 303’on potato in Inner Mongolia，this study systematically evaluated the agent and its six constituent biocontrol strains（Bacillus thuringiensis NMB1，B. amyloliquefaciens NMB3，B. megaterium NMB4，Acinetobacter oleivorans NMB17，Burkholderia pyrrocinia XXB-24，and Pseudomonas fluorescens pf27）for plant-growth promotion and control of five soil-borne potato diseases，using physiological assays， plate confrontation tests，pot experiments，and field trials．Growth-promotion tests demonstrated that all six biocontrol strains and the composite agent possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities and produce indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）．Strains NMB4，NMB17，XXB-24，pf27，and the composite agent also exhibited the ability to solubilize phosphorus and release potassium．Pot and field experiments further confirmed that these biocontrol bacteria significantly increased plant height，above-ground fresh weight，above-ground dry weight，and tuber weight．Plate confrontation assays revealed that the composite agent inhibited the pathogens responsible for Fusarium wilt，Verticillium wilt，black scurf，and common scab，with inhibition rates ranging from 11.09% to 33.04%，outperforming most individual strains．In pot experiments，the composite agent demonstrated control effects of 50.01%，58.73%，68.58%，and 75.25% against these four diseases，respectively．Field trials conducted at two test plots showed no significant difference in disease control between seed dressing alone and seed dressing combined with drip irrigation for common scab，black scurf，and powdery scab．Notably，seed dressing alone achieved better control outcomes．In summary，the composite microbial agent‘Zhongke 303’exerts significantly stronger growth-promoting and disease-suppressing effects than any single strain， offering reliable technical support for the sustainable and efficient management of soil-borne diseases in major potato-growing regions．

Abstract：‘Zunjiao 222’is a new dry and fresh dual-purpose pepper F1 hybrid bred by the cytoplasmicnuclear male sterile line‘ZHS3’as female parent and the inbred line‘ZHA2-TZ’as male parent．It is early-maturing，with a whole growth period is about 190 days．The plant type is compact，with a height of about 70 cm and a spread of approximately 72 cm，showing strong branching and fruit-setting ability．The fruits grow singly and upward，with a smooth surface and a conical shape．The average length is 4.87 cm， width is 2.64 cm，flesh thickness is 0.17 cm，single fruit weight is 11.64 g，and the per plant fruit number is 115.6．The ripe green fruit is green，and red ripe fruit is bright red．The fresh fruit vitamin C content is 1 360 mg · kg^-1，and capsaicin content is 122 mg · kg^-1．It has spicy fragrance and excellent market quality．In thefield，it shows stronger resistance to CMV，TMV，anthracnose，phytophthora blight，and bacterial wilt than the control‘Zunla No.1’．The fresh pepper yield is about 21 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring planting in regions such as Guizhou，Henan，Xinjiang，Liaoning，Inner Mongolia，Hebei，Chongqing，Hubei，and Gansu．

Abstract：This paper systematically reviews the domestic and international research progress on pepper anthracnose，with a focus on the biological characteristics of its pathogen Colletotrichum spp. and the molecular mechanism of Capsicum spp. disease resistance．Firstly，in terms of the biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp.，this paper elaborates on its species composition，pathogenic characteristics and infection cycle，as well as the signal transduction pathways and action mechanisms of key pathogenic genes． Meanwhile，it summarizes the functions of effector proteins in suppressing host immune responses during the pathogenic process of Colletotrichum spp．Secondly，in terms of the resistance response mechanism of Capsicum spp. to anthracnose，this paper explores the molecular genetic basis of Capsicum spp. disease resistance，including the mapping and genetic rules of related quantitative trait loci（QTL）．It also expounds the PTI and ETI defense signaling pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Capsicum spp. in response to Colletotrichum spp. infection，and reviews the research progress on the functions of key resistance genes．Finally，combined with current research bottlenecks，the paper prospects the research directions such as the elucidation of Colletotrichum spp. pathogenic mechanisms，the excavation of Capsicum spp. disease-resistant gene resources，and the breeding of disease-resistant varieties，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for
molecular breeding of Capsicum spp. against anthracnose．

Abstract：Based on transcriptome differential expression analysis between the cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）small-leaf mutant cpa1 and wild type（WT），we found that the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor gene CsAGL62b（CsaV3_3G045410）was significantly downregulated in the cpa1 mutant． The target gene of the cpa1 mutant has been identified as CsHLS1，and its homologous proteins have been shown to play vital regulatory roles in apical hook development and abiotic stress responses in plants．To further dissect the function of CsAGL62b ，the full-length coding sequence of CsAGL62b was cloned from wild-type cucumber using RT-PCR．Bioinformatic analysis showed that this gene encodes a protein of 225 amino acids containing a typical MADS domain．Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it has the closest genetic relationship with CmAGL62b from melon．Promoter cis-element prediction identified regulatory elements associated with light signaling and multiple plant hormones，including methyl jasmonate（MeJA），gibberellin（GA），and salicylic acid．Gene expression pattern analysis indicated that CsAGL62b showed the highest expression level in roots，followed by lateral buds and leaves．Moreover，its transcript abundance was significantly higher in weak roots than in other root types．In the root maturation zone，CsAGL62b  expression was significantly induced and upregulated by exogenous GA and abscisic acid（ABA）．Meanwhile，CsAGL62b in seedling
leaves responded rapidly to ABA and was upregulated，reaching its peak expression at 6 h of ABA treatment．Stress assays demonstrated that the expression of CsAGL62b exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decrease under drought，salt，and high-temperature stresses．In contrast，its expression was significantly downregulated under low-temperature stress，suggesting that CsAGL62b  may participate in multiple abiotic stress responses in cucumber．In summary，this study systematically characterized the molecular features of the cucumber CsAGL62b gene for the first time，and provides a solid molecular foundation for further elucidating its biological functions in root growth，development，and stress resistance in cucumber．

Abstract：Clubroot disease in cruciferous crops severely limits the yield and quality of cabbage．Given the scarcity of clubroot-resistant germplasm in cabbage and the abundance of resistant resources in Chinese cabbage，cabbage line‘337’was used as the female parent and Chinese cabbage line‘19S4’，which carries multiple resistance genes，as the male parent for distant hybridization．Embryo rescue was employed to overcome reproductive isolation．Together with marker-assisted selection，morphological observation，ploidy determination，pollen viability testing，and artificial inoculation with multiple clubroot isolates at the seedling stage，a new cabbage germplasm pyramiding multiple resistance genes was developed．The results showed that distant hybridization combined with embryo rescue successfully introduced multiple resistance genes from Chinese cabbage into the cabbage genetic background．The progeny exhibited excellent resistance to clubroot isolates from different sources，and their resistance was significantly superior to that of single-resistant materials containing only CRa，showing broad-spectrum and durable resistance．After colchicine-induced chromosome doubling，fertility of the interspecific hybrid（F1）was effectively restored，with plump pollen grains and viability approaching 100%．These findings provide important genetic materials and technical support for breeding clubroot-resistant cruciferous vegetables．

Abstract：The toxicity activity and field control efficacy of six different types of insecticides against cabbage aphids in Tai’an，Shandong Province，were determined using the leaf-dip method and field efficacy trial method．Laboratory toxicity results showed that Lipaphis erysimi exhibited the highest sensitivity to cyantraniliprole，with an LC₅₀ of 3.02 mg · L^-1，while Myzus persicae was most sensitive to sulfoxaflor，with an LC₅₀ of 6.97 mg · L^-1．There were certain differences in susceptibility between the two aphid species to the same insecticide；L. erysimi showed higher sensitivity to all six insecticides than M. persicae，with toxicity ratios ranging from 1.46 to 7.41-fold．The field efficacy trial results indicated significant differences in the control effects of the six insecticides against cabbage aphids．One day after treatment，the 22% sulfoxaflor SC at 24.75 g · hm^-2 and 41.25 g · hm^-2 achieved higher control efficacies of 87.54% and 89.06%，respectively， which were extremely significantly higher than those of the other insecticide treatments．Three days after treatment，the control efficacy of all insecticide treatments increased compared to that at 1 day，except for the 25 g · L^-1 deltamethrin EC at 3.75 g · hm^-2 and 7.50 g · hm^-2．Among them，the 50% flonicamid WDG at 60.00 g · hm^-2 and 75.00 g · hm^-2，22% sulfoxaflor SC at 24.75 g · hm^-2 and 41.25 g · hm^-2，and 10% cyantraniliprole OD at 60.00 g · hm^-2 achieved control efficacies of 93.09%，94.97%，91.80%，93.57%，and 91.10%，respectively，which were extremely significantly higher than those of the other treatments．Seven days after
treatment，the control efficacies of 50% flonicamid WDG at 60.00 g · hm^-2 and 75.00 g · hm^-2，22% sulfoxaflor SC at 24.75 g · hm^-2 and 41.25 g · hm^-2，and 10% cyantraniliprole OD at 45.00 g · hm^-2 and 60.00 g · hm^-2 remained stable above 90%，with the highest reaching 96.94%，demonstrating excellent control effects．In summary，50% flonicamid WDG，22% sulfoxaflor SC，and 10% cyantraniliprole SC can be recommended as the preferred insecticides for controlling cabbage aphids in Tai’an．In field control，the appropriate insecticide should be selected based on the species composition and proportion of aphids，applied in rotation，the number of applications and pre-harvest interval should be strictly controlled．

洋葱全程轻简化栽培技术采用现代农业装备，通过农机农艺相融合，在整地施肥、种子处理、育苗、定植、田间管理、病虫草害防控和采收等环节实现了机械化，可节约10～15 倍劳动力，提高生产效率，适宜在规模洋葱种植区推广应用。

Abstract：‘Xinyan 036’is a new Southern China type cucumber F1 hybrid developed by the gynoecious line‘704G’as female parent and the inbred line‘M2-4-1-3-3-2-10-1-5’as male parent．It is a strong gynoecious type，with an average female flower node rate of 94%．It primarily bears fruits on the main vine． It is early maturing，and strong growth vigor．The first female flower node is positioned around the 3rd node， with a whole growth period of about 76 days．The fruit is cylindrical，green-white in color，averaging 22.8 cm in length and 4.2 cm in diameter，with white spines，sparse and small warts，and without fruit neck．The flesh is thick，crisp，tender，and slightly sweet，no bitterness．It contains 63.3 mg · kg-1 of vitamin C， 3.30% of soluble solids，1.38% of total sugar，and 0.46% of crude fiber．The average single fruit weight is 167 g，with an early yield of about 30 t · hm-2，and a total yield of about 78 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring facility and open-field film-covered cultivation in Chongqing and similar ecological regions．

Abstract：As a major protected vegetable production hub in Shandong Province，Zibo City plays a vital role in ensuring food supply，increasing farmers’incomes，and promoting rural revitalization．However， following 40 years of development，Zibo’s protected agriculture industry faces critical challenges，including aging greenhouse structures，an aging workforce，and obsolete technologies，which significantly impede the high-quality development of the local sector．Based on field surveys and data analysis，this study systematically investigates the current status of aging greenhouse facilities and identifies four innovative organizational renovation models：Party branch-led，private investment-driven，cooperative-led，and farmer-initiated models. Additionally，four technical upgrading strategies are proposed：consolidating small greenhouses into larger structures，reinforcing wall thickness，expanding structural dimensions（height and width），and integrating smart technologies．This study further evaluates the suitability of these renovation models in relation to the specific facility conditions across various districts and counties．Practical applications demonstrate that the upgraded facilities exhibit significant improvements in structural stability，disaster resilience，microclimate regulation，crop yields，and overall economic benefits．Accordingly，policy recommendations are proposed in three key areas：intensive land use，standardized smart transformation，and the optimization of external support systems．This study provides practical insights and a reference framework for the modernization of protected agriculture in similar northern regions of China．

Abstract：With the acceleration of industrialization，soil heavy metal pollution（such as Cd，Pb，Cu，and Zn）becomes increasingly serious. The problem of excessive heavy metals in global farmland soil affects 14%-17% of agricultural areas．As an important global economic crop，tomatoes are vulnerable to soil heavy metal pollution in terms of growth and quality，threatening the sustainable development of the tomato industry．Soil heavy metal stress inhibits tomato seed germination and seedling growth，resulting in photosynthetic damage and metabolic disorders．Tomatoes defend themselves by activating the antioxidant system and the regulation mechanism of mineral elements．This article systematically reviews the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms of tomatoes under soil heavy metal stress，and points out that current research has limitations such as unclear complex pollution mechanisms and insufficient molecular network analysis. In the future，it is necessary to combine multi-omics technology，CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing，and plant-microbial combined remediation strategies，in order to provide theoretical support for the safe production of tomatoes in areas contaminated by heavy metals and the sustainable development of the tomato industry．

This study examines the advancements and evolving trends within China’s vegetable industry by analyzing national science and technology award projects in the vegetable sector from 2000 to 2023．During this timeframe，45 projects in the vegetable sector received awards，predominantly the Second Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress，with the annual number of awarded projects remaining stable．Approximately 60% of the awarded achievements were concentrated in genetic breeding，with notably exceptional outcomes in the breeding of crops such as pepper，Chinese cabbage，tomato，and potato．Each of these crops has garnered four or more project awards．The average age of the primary award recipients was 53.3 years，with young and middle-aged researchers serving as the principal drivers of innovation．Universities，along with national and provincial research institutions，emerged as central innovation hubs，and collaboration among industry，academia，and research entities has been increasingly strengthened．Currently，China has attained significant advancements in various domains，including germplasm resource innovation，breakthroughs in breeding technology，optimization of cultivation methods，pest and disease management，and enhancements in processing technology．Nonetheless，there remain gaps in fundamental research and the original innovation of frontier technologies．Moving forward，it is imperative to intensify foundational research in areas such as vegetable genomics，gene cloning，and functional analysis；develop innovative breeding technologies to efficiently produce breakthrough varieties；and bolster the innovation and application of key technologies throughout the entire vegetable industry chain．These efforts aim to enhance the international competitiveness of China’s vegetable industry and foster its sustainable development．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has achieved significant breakthroughs

in foundational research related to distant hybridization，pan-genomics，and the evolutionary domestication of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis）．These advancements include the mapping，cloning，and analysis of regulatory mechanisms for genes associated with important agronomic traits，as well as the development of molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection．Notable progress has also been made in the collection，identification，exploration，and innovative utilization of Chinese cabbage resources，leading to the creation and cultivation of a series of superior novel germplasm and high-quality，multiple-resistant new varieties．This paper provides an overview and summary of the advancements made in China’s genetic breeding of Chinese cabbage over the past five years．It also discusses and analyzes the main issues currently facing Chinese cabbage breeding and outlines future research directions that warrant further investigation．

Abstract：Faced with the annual generation of over 100 million tons of vegetable residues，resolving the paradox of transforming these materials from an environmental burden into value-added resources has become critical for advancing green and sustainable agricultural development in China．This study provides a systematic assessment of six major valorization pathways for vegetable residues，including fertilizer，feed，substrate， energy，food，and material applications，and highlights the inherent cost-efficiency trade-offs behind their technological diversification．Low-value pathways such as direct field return，constrained by the inherently low carbon-to-nitrogen（C/N）ratio of vegetable residues，are associated with elevated risks of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions，whereas high-value pathways，including food-and material-oriented utilization，remain limited by technical complexity and economic feasibility．Further analysis indicates that this dilemma fundamentally arises from two structural contradictions：the mismatch between the temporalspatial concentration of residue generation and the dispersed distribution of utilization demand，and the tension between high technical requirements and strong cost constraints．Looking forward，the establishment of a regionally adaptive system integrating decentralized preprocessing with centralized resource utilization，together with enhanced cross-sectoral technological integration，is essential to enable coordinated improvements in environmental performance and economic viability．

To address the dual challenges of agricultural waste management and cultivation substrate development in facility-based horticulture，this study employed microbial-assisted composting to recycle waste coconut coir and vegetable straw into value-added substrates．Five substrate blends were prepared by mixing the fermented product with commercial coconut coir at volume ratios of 10∶0，7∶3，5∶5，3∶7，and 0∶10（treatments A1-A5）．A commercial substrate（peat∶vermiculite∶perlite = 7V∶2V∶1V）was used as the control（CK）．We systematically evaluated the composting performance，physicochemical and nutritional properties of the recycled coir，as well as its effects on growth and fruit quality of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）throughout the entire growth cycle．The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the A1 and A2 composite substrates most closely resembled those of an ideal substrate．At the seedling stage，plant height and shoot fresh weight in A2 increased significantly by 19.4% and 26.2%，respectively，compared to CK．The root fresh weight and root length in A2 were both significantly greater than that in all other treatments，with the exception of CK．At the fruiting stage，the yield per plant under A2 reached 2 915.66 g，increased 51.2% compared to A5．The soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C content of fruits in A2 were significantly higher than those in A5，although nitrate accumulation was also higher（325.30 mg·kg^-1）．Principal component analysis indicated that A2 ranked second in comprehensive score for seedling-stage indicators（0.891），behind CK（1.206），and achieved the highest score in root-shoot development-related components．Moreover，A2 received the highest comprehensive score（2.711）for fruiting-stage indicators，reflecting its positive effects on shoot growth and fruit quality．The comprehensive cost of A2 was 32.3% lower than that of commercial coconut coir．In conclusion，the A2 composite substrate（recycled coconut coir：commercial coconut coir = 7V∶3V）can effectively replace traditional commercial substrates in cucumber soilless cultivation and is suitable for large-scale application．

雨涝是夏季蔬菜生产中重要的灾害性天气。近年来，河北省雨涝灾害尤为严重，连续大量降雨造成农田长时间水淹，导致减产甚至绝收。河北省蔬菜创新团队结合历年一线实地指导救治案例，集成创新了“傻瓜式”系列蔬菜的雨涝灾害性天气救治防控实操工序，并通过现场指导、“微课堂”培训等多种形式进行大面积推广。

Abstract：This study evaluated five planting methods to optimize potato production for chip processing，especially for market availability window from January to March in Yunnan Province．The potato processing variety‘Yunshu 304’was tested at two altitudes：Dongchuan Dazhai（about 1 200 m）and Dongchuan Lümao （about 1 500 m）．The experiment followed randomized complete block design with three repeats，comparing whole seed tuber and seed pieces under plastic mulch，straw mulch and open field conditions．Seed pieces in open field served as control（CK）．The results showed that，compared with the control（CK），the whole seed tuber with plastic mulch significantly improved the emergence rate（8.42 percentage points），plant height （24.24%），stem diameter（21.98%），and tuber number by 50.36%，resulting in a 26.48% higher yield．Interestingly，this treatment demonstrated no significant effects on the tuber shape，starch content，dry matter content，reducing sugar content，flesh color，and potato chips color，thereby ensuring the processing quality of potatoes．Altitude significantly influenced plant height（P ＜ 0.01）and leaf count（P ＜ 0.01）．But no significant yield differences were observed across altitudinal variations．The tubers produced in Dazhai exhibited more regular，rounder，smooth shape slightly yellower flesh compared with that of Lümao．Moreover，the starch content and dry matter content of the tubers in Dazhai were significantly higher than those of tubers in Lümao by 3.06 percentage points and 3.10 percentage points，respectively，while the reducing sugar content was significantly lower than that of tubers in Lümao．Notably，the reducing sugar content in both sites was lower than the acceptable threshold（0.33%）of reducing sugar for potato chips processing，the color of potato chips is not affected by site．There was a significant interaction between treatments and sites on the number of stems（P ＜ 0.05）and stem diameter（P ＜ 0.01），while other traits showed no significant interaction effects （P ＞ 0.05）．Overall，the whole seed tuber with plastic mulch is recommended an optimal strategy for cultivation of autumn potato in Yunnan，ensuring both higher yield and suitable processing quality．

‘Chengjiang 30’is a new emerald green pod type cowpea variety developed through systematic
selection after crossing the superior line‘313’（selected from‘Zhencui No.5’）as female parent and superior
line‘FA Heihei-3-1BQ’as male parent．It is medium maturity，with about 70 days from sowing to first
tender-pod harvest．It has a strong growth vigor，many branches，and pods setting mainly on the main vine．
The leave is of green，medium-sized，and lanceolate shape．The first inflorescence sets at the 4th-6th node，
while corolla is light purple，each pair of inflorescences forms about 2 pairs of pods．The tender pod is of
emerald green，long-cylindrical，thick-fleshed，straight and uniformly，without rat-tail tips．The average
pod length is 66.5 cm，and single pod weight is 34.4 g．It is suitable for pickling．The seed is kidney-shaped，
and seed coat is reddish-brown with black dots．It is resistant to root rot．The yield is about 43.5 t · hm-2．It is
suitable for cultivation in Sichuan during the spring，summer，and autumn seasons．

In order to thoroughly investigate the characteristics and disparities in nutritional quality as
well as inorganic element accumulation between wild and artificial morel mushrooms sourced from Daozhen
and Shuicheng origins in Guizhou，this study meticulously analyzed the contents of five key nutritional
components，namely total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，and proteins，
along with 22 inorganic elements in both the caps and stalks of morel mushrooms from diverse origins of
wild and artificial varieties. Comprehensive assessments were carried out through correlation analysis，PCA （principal component analysis），and the evaluation of nutritional indices. The results indicated that significant
differences existed in the contents of total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，
and proteins between the wild and artificial morel mushrooms from the two origins. Notably，most nutritional
indexes demonstrated a trend where the values in the caps were higher than those in the stalks. Specifically，the
protein content in morel mushrooms was 2.13 to 5.78 times that of five common vegetables. Regarding inorganic
elements，the contents of Pb，Hg，Al，Cu，Fe，Zn，and Mn in wild morel mushrooms were higher than
those in artificial ones. In terms of the distribution within the mushroom，the contents of As，Hg，Se，Cu，
Zn，Mn，Sr，Ca，P，and K in the caps were higher than those in the stalks，while the situation was reversed
for Al．Moreover，the Na contents of morel mushrooms from both locations were substantially lower than
the national average，whereas the opposite was true for Se and K．The PCA analysis results and mineral
element nutritional quality index（INQ）values showed the same pattern across the two origins，with Daozhen
being higher than Shuicheng．In conclusion，both the stalks and caps of morel mushrooms can serve as highquality
protein sources. Given their potassium-rich and sodium-poor characteristics，they are suitable as dietary
supplements for hypertensive patients．

Abstract：To explore the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum on rhizosphere microbial community structure，bulb metabolite composition and vitamin C synthesis of Lilium davidii var. unicolor，peat mixed with perlite was set as the control（CK），and peat + perlite supplemented with A. chroococcum served as the treatment（T）with the inoculant concentration of 1 × 10⁸ cfu · mL^-1．The rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity as well as bulb metabolome were determined to analyze the effects of A. chroococcum on rhizosphere microenvironment，microbial community function and vitamin C accumulation in bulbs of substrate-cultured Lilium davidii var. unicolor．The results showed that inoculation with A. chroococcum effectively improved rhizosphere soil nutrient status；the contents of available potassium and available phosphorus in T treatment were 1.41 times（P ＜ 0.001）and 1.93 times（P ＜ 0.01）those in CK，respectively，while soil pH slightly decreased compared with CK．In terms of soil bacterial diversity，at the phylum level，the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in T treatment increased by 3.49 and 2.41 percentage points compared with CK．At the genus level，the relative abundances of Granulicella，
Streptomyces and Rhodobacter increased obviously；the relative abundance of Haliangium decreased by 3.08
percentage points，and that of IMCC26256 also declined markedly．No significant differences were observed in the relative abundances of Ochrobactrum and Devosia between treatments．The vitamin C content of lily bulbs in T reached 20.25 mg · g-1，which was significantly increased by 39.23% compared with CK（P ＜0.05）．A total of 450 differential metabolites were screened between T treatment and CK，which were mainly enriched in 14 key pathways，including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis，amino acid metabolism，linoleic acid metabolism，and the ABC transporter pathway．Correlation analysis indicated that the relative abundance of dominant rhizosphere microflora was positively correlated with the content of key metabolites for bulb vitamin C synthesis．Specifically，Granulicella abundance was positively correlated with L-arginine，and Rhodobacter abundance was positively correlated with L-2-amino-4-methylene glutaric acid．Moreover，L-arginine content was positively correlated with total salt and available potassium that regulate the distribution of dominant microflora．In conclusion，A. chroococcum probably promotes the biosynthesis and accumulation of vitamin C in Lilium davidii var. unicolor bulbs synergistically by reshaping rhizosphere microbial community structure and activating related metabolic pathways．This study provides a reference for the application of microbial inoculants in green cultivation and quality improvement of Lilium davidii var. unicolor．

Abstract：Cardamine violifolia O. E. Schulz is a Brassicaceae plant with significant ecological functions and potential economic value．However，its low and uneven seed germination restricts the utilization of its resources．To determine the optimal seed-soaking conditions and analyze their effects on germination characteristics，treatments including warm water soaking（20，23，25，27，30 ℃），gibberellin soaking（0，10，50，100，150，200 mg · L^-1），and selenium soaking（0，10，40，80，160 mg · L^-1）were established．The germination rate，germination energy，and germination index were subsequently measured． The results showed that the optimal temperature for warm water soaking was 25 ℃，yielding a germination rate of 88.75%，germination energy of 67.25%，and a germination index of 83.31%；both excessively high and low temperatures adversely affected seed germination．The optimal concentration for gibberellin soaking was 50 mg · L^-1，resulting in a germination rate of 90.00%，germination energy of 70.33%，and a germination index of 81.93%，whereas higher concentrations（150 mg · L^-1 and 200 mg · L^-1）inhibited seed germination． Selenium soaking exhibited no inhibition at lower concentrations but demonstrated a pronounced inhibitory effect at higher concentrations，particularly at 160 mg · L^-1．These findings provide technical support for the artificial breeding and resource development of C. violifolia．

‘Yunchaotianjiao 157’is a new three-line hybrid pod pepper，bred with male sterile line‘（33B-1024）-4-3-1-1A’as female parent and restoring line‘04160002-6-1-1’as male parent．The plant has strong growth potential and branching ability，the average plant height is 76.0 cm，and first flower node is 10.8th node．The fruit exhibits a finger-like shape，classifying it as a medium-large pod pepper cultivar，with an average length of 10.20 cm，width of 1.27 cm，flesh thickness of 0.15 cm，and single fruit weight of 6.77 g．The commercial fruit color is fresh red，fruit hardness is high，fruit surface is smooth，gloss is good，spicy taste．The capsaicin content is 3 558.7 mg · kg^-1，and VC content is 1 704.3 mg · kg^-1．It is middle maturing，and a fresh pepper yield is about 22.5 t · hm^-2．Its resistance to viral disease and anthracnose are stronger than that of the contrast‘Yanhong’．It is suitable for spring and summer cultivation in Yunnan’s pod pepper production areas and similar climatic regions，as well as winter cultivation in hot areas such as Xishuangbanna．

Abstract：‘Layou No.23’is a new three-line hybrid pepper developed using the male sterile line‘N582A’as female parent and the restorer line‘Y115’as male parent．It is a mid-late maturing，with a growth period of about 170 days．The fruit is horn shaped，pointed tip and elliptical cross section，with an average length of 22.30 cm，diameter of 3.15 cm，and single fruit weight of 64.46 g．It is green when immature，and turns red upon ripening，with fruit surface of smooth．The vitamin C content is 462.0 mg ·kg^-1，soluble sugar content is 33.6 g · kg^-1，and capsaicin content is 24.4 mg · kg^-1．It is highly resistant to phytophthora blight，moderately resistant to bacterial wilt．The yield is about 24 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for open field cultivation in Guangdong during the spring and autumn seasons．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

In order to explore the application effect of strawberry special cultivation substrate（T1），we used traditional substrate（T2）and commercial substrate（T3）as controls to analyze the physical and chemical properties of different strawberry cultivation substrate formulations，study the effects of different cultivation substrates on the growth，quality and yield of strawberry in greenhouse，and conduct cost accounting at the same time. This results showed that the substrate bulk density，total porosity and gas-water ratio of each treatment were within the normal range of crops. In terms of growth and physiological indexes，the growth potential of strawberry plants treated with T3 was relatively strong，which was better than that of T1 and T2. There was no significant difference in the net photosynthetic rate of strawberry leaves under each treatment. The transpiration rate of leaves treated with T1 and T3 was significantly increased by 13.11% and 9.78%，respectively，compared with T2 treatment，and the difference was significant. The fruit sugar-acid ratio of T1 treatment was significantly increased by 72.75% and 68.36% compared with T2 and T3 treatment，and the difference was significant. The yield of T1 treatment was not significantly different from that of T2 and T3，but the yield of T3 treatment was 25.75% higher than that of T2. At the same time，it was calculated that
regardless of labor，transportation and other costs，the benefit per hectare of strawberry in T1 treatment was not significantly different from that in T2 treatment，which was 7.68% higher than that in T3 treatment. In summary，compared with T2 treatment，T1 treatment can improve the growth of strawberry and promote the improvement of fruit quality and yield to a certain extent，and reduce the use of non-renewable peat by 30 percentage points；compared with T3 treatment，the fruit quality of T1 treatment was better，and the price had certain advantages. In addition，the substrate of T1 treatment was not easy to decompose and break，and could be reused，with obvious economic and ecological benefits. 

As a major component of vegetable waste，the resource utilisation of tailrace is of great significance in reducing environmental pollution，promoting resource recycling and achieving sustainable development．In this paper，we classify the ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste from two dimensions，namely，technology classification and product classification，and review the main ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste，including directly return to the field，fertilisation，feed，energy，chemical raw material production，food processing and adsorbent preparation，and focuses on analysing the principle，current situation and application prospect of each technology path，in order to promote the resource utilisation of vegetable waste in the direction of systematisation and industrialisation，to provide references for building a circular economy model featuring harmonious symbiosis between agricultural production and the ecological environment，and to offer insights for achieving global sustainable development goals.

Abstract：Watermelon（Citrullus lanatus L.）is a widely cultivated popular horticultural crop for its juicy and nutritious fruits．However，the scarcity of salt-tolerant germplasm has limited the breeding of new salt-tolerant varieties．In this study，18 watermelon germplasm materials were systematically evaluated for salt tolerance differences under 150 mmol · L-1 NaCl-induced salt stress，and an efficient salt tolerance evaluation system was established．Results demonstrated that salt stress significantly inhibited seedling growth with notable variation in salt tolerance among materials．Salt tolerance coefficient analysis revealed that：① all materials except‘B105’and‘JX-3’showed plant height coefficients below 1.0；② The root length coefficients of‘B105’，‘CJ-1’ and‘W17’ is 1.80，1.67 and 1.82，respectively，indicating their strong salt tolerance；③‘W17’ displayed superior shoot fresh weight（0.66）and dry weight（1.00）coefficients，while‘M20’showed significantly lower values（0.54 and 0.90）．Through principal component analysis，membership function evaluation and cluster analysis，the materials were classified into three categories：salt-tolerant（‘B105’‘W17’‘CJ-1’‘14-1’and‘C48’），moderately salt-tolerant，and salt-sensitive （‘A19’‘C5’‘A11’‘M20’）．A predictive equation for salt tolerance evaluation was established via stepwise regression：Y = 0.175X₃ + 0.675X₄  - 0.138（R² = 0.908，X₃   and X₄ represent root length and shoot fresh weight，respectively），which indicated that the root length and shoot fresh weight were important indicators for salt tolerance identification in watermelon seedlings．In this study，an efficient salt tolerance identification system for watermelon was established，which provides a theoretical foundation for salt-tolerant germplasm identification and breeding，demonstrating significant application potential．

Abstract：To clarify the differences in volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt. under different drying techniques，headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME）coupled with gas chromatographymass spectrometry（GC-MS）was utilized to analyze the volatile constituents in naturally sun-dried，heat pump-dried and hot air-dried P. frutescens．The differences in volatile compounds among the samples were examined using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）and relative odor activity value（ROAV）．The findings indicated that a total of 36 volatile compounds were identified in 3 samples，with terpenes exhibiting a relatively high abundance and concentration．20 volatile compounds were consistently detected in all samples．OPLS-DA analysis revealed that 14 volatile compounds demonstrated significant  differences among the 3 samples．Notably，the relative contents of eugenol，α-caryophyllene and borneol were higher in naturally sun-dried P. frutescens，whereas elemene，carvone，D-limonene，trans-β-ocimene， and perillyl alcohol were more abundant in P. frutescens dried using a heat pump．Additionally，the compounds perillaldehyde，isovaleraldehyde，camphene，（E）-β-farnesene，α-phellandrene，and α-pinene had relatively high contents in P. frutescens dried by hot air．ROAV analysis identified 7 key odor-active compounds with ROAV ＞ 1.0 across different samples．Among them，1-octen-3-one，eugenol，and eucalyptol were consistently detected in all drying treatments，constituting the primary contributors to P. frutescens characteristic aroma．Furthermore，among all the samples，there were a total of 4 volatile components with 0.1 ＜ ROAV ＜1.0，namely linalool，β-caryophyllene，carvone，and perillyl alcohol，They were all these 4 volatile compounds under different drying methods，indicating that they play an auxiliary role in the overall aroma．The results of this study offer valuable insights for the advanced processing methods of P. frutescens．

With the continuous improvement of residents’living standards and the ongoing optimization of dietary structures，consumer demands for cabbage quality have changed from outward appearance（regular head shape and vibrant green color）to diversified requirements for taste，nutrition and health．Against this backdrop，this paper focused on China’s cabbage industry toward high-quality demand during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’period．It analyzed the market demand characteristics of high-quality cabbage and prevalent misconceptions in consumer perception，and summarized the development achievements of the highquality cabbage industry from the aspects of germplasm resource identification and gene mining，new variety development，as well as technique innovations in product processing and quality detection．On this basis，the paper further explored the future development trends of the high-quality cabbage industry．Through the above analyses，this review intends to provide insights for China’s cabbage industry in adaptation to the trend of highquality consumption upgrading and achieving of high-quality development．

In order to develop more competitive cultivars，scientists have carried out research on intervarietal or intersubspecific hybridization in Brassica rapa，B. oleracea and many achivements have made．In this paper，the research progress of intervarietal or intersubspecies hybridization breeding were reviewed in B. rapa and B. oleracea．The genetic relationship between varieties or subspecies is very close，there is no problem of cross incompatibility，but the morphological difference is very large．The intervarietal/subspecific hybridization can create more abundant germplasm resources，and the new cultivars can be developed after comparative identification for years．The first cultivar developed from intervarietal cross and wide-scale application in production is Baicaitai（white flowering chinese cabbage）．The earliest cultivar of intervariety
hybrid in B. oleracea is broccolini．Broccolinis are very popular in the western countries and Japan，but not in China although it has been extended for nearly 20 years．Hybridization between other varieties are being done，such as B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa
L. ssp. pekinensis，B. oleracea L. var. capitata × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei，B. oleracea L. var. caulorapa × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei and so on．A lot of elite germpasm has been developed such as male sterile
germplasm and materials resistant to clubroot and so on．

In this study，evaluated 29 inbred lines and 5 male sterile lines as experimental materials by inoculating them with six Chinese cabbage Plasmodiophora brassicae isolates collected from different regions in China：Xinmin（LNXM），Yutian（HBYT），Aba（SCAB），Baixiang（SDBX），Shenyang（LN01），and Yichang（HBYC）．Among the inbred lines，S13，S15，S16，and S24 demonstrated resistance to five P. brassicae isolates，while S17，S22，S23，S25，and S29 exhibited resistance to four isolates．Among the male sterile lines，M3 showed resistance against five isolates，whereas M1 and M4 were resistant to four isolates．Additionally，we screened the 29 inbred lines and 5 male sterile lines for the presence of seven clubroot resistance（CR）genes/loci（CRa，CRd，Crr1a，Crr3，CRk，CRc，and CRA3.7）．The results showed that among the inbred lines，S20 contained all seven resistance gene loci，while S18，S19，S25，S26，S28，and S29 each carried six of these loci．Among the male sterile lines，both M1 and M5 harbored four resistance gene loci.

Based on research，this study analyzes the current development status of edible mushroom seed industry in Henan Province．It identifies prominent problems，including a shortage of talents in breeding and production technologies，insufficient breeding technology system and level that fail to meet industrial demands，inadequate strain expansion techniques，inadequate regulatory and service，and serious deficiencies in the breeding capabilities of enterprises．Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed such as strengthening the collection，protection and utilization of germplasm resources，consolidating talent support，increasing foundation and application research，strictly regulating the technical process of strain propagation，enhancing the breeding innovation ability of strain enterprises，and optimizing development environment．