This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual

backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．

With consumption upgrading，the tomato consumption market is showing a diversified trend，and consumers’demand for high-quality tomatoes is becoming increasingly prominent．To gain insights into the pattern of China’s tomato industry amidst evolving market demands，this study conducted interviews with representatives from large domestic agricultural product wholesale markets，tomato breeding experts，and enterprises，and provided an analysis of the current status and development of China’s tomato industry．Currently，China’s tomato cultivation area continues to expand，with advantageous production regions developing rapidly. The varieties of tomatoes and cultivation methods are becoming increasingly diverse，and the market share of domestically bred varieties is gradually increasing．Molecular breeding and gene editing technologies are driving improvements in tomato breeding efficiency and the creation of disease-resistant germplasm．Moreover，the operation model of the entire tomato industry chain is emerging，and there is an urgent need to establish a tomato quality standard system to promote premium pricing for high-quality products，thereby meeting the market’s diversified and high-quality demands．

Abstract：Since 2000，the global garlic industry and import-export trades have witnessed profound transformations．To comprehensively and objectively understand the current development status of the global and Chinese garlic industries as well as the general situation of their international trade，this study analyzed data on garlic harvested area，production，yield，and import-export trade in China and worldwide，based on statistics released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO），the National Bureau of Statistics of China（NBSC），and China Customs，combined with literature reports．The results show that Asia is the most critical garlic-producing region globally in terms of both harvested area and production，with China，India，and Bangladesh ranking among the top three in the world．China has long maintained the world’s largest harvested area and production，and its yield ranks fourth globally，approximately 50% of Kuwait’s yield-the highest level in the world ．Garlic is one of the most actively traded agricultural products internationally．In 2022，the global import volume of garlic amounted to around 2.35 million tons，valued at nearly 3 billion US dollars，while the export volume reached 2.63 million tons，valued at over 2.7 billion US dollars. Indonesia is the world’s largest garlic importer，with an import volume of 566 200 tons in 2022， accounting for 24.22% of the global total，and a value of 598 million US dollars，representing 20.10% of the total import value．China is the world’s largest garlic exporter. In 2022，China’s garlic export volume reached 2 035 900 tons，accounting for 77.42% of the global total，with an export value of 1 796 million US dollars，constituting 64.79% of the global export value．Over the past decade，China’s average international market share in garlic export volume has slightly decreased to 79.46%，while its average international market share in export value has increased to 68.78%．Spain is a country where both the average international market shares in garlic export volume and value have increased by more than 2%．In 2023，Chinese mainland garlic exports reached over 140 trading partners，and Southeast Asian countries were the main destinations，while exports to developed countries remained relatively limited．Shandong，Jiangsu，and Henan are the top three provinces in China ’s garlic exports，with their cumulative export volume and value accounting for over 92%．Despite China’s indisputable dominance in garlic harvested area，production，and export trade on the global stage， several major challenges constrain the healthy and sustainable development of the industry．In response to these challenges，this paper proposes suggestions for the development of China’s garlic industry．

Abstract：In the soilless cultivation of tomato in intelligent greenhouse，the appropriate nutrient solution formula and its dynamic adjustment strategy are the key to achieve high quality and high yield．In this paper，the appropriate ratios of N/K，K/Ca/Mg，P/Ca，NH4+ /NO3- in diff erent growth stages of tomato were elaborated．The effects of pH，water alkalinity，hardness，total dissolved salts and EC（electrical conductivity）value of feeding water and nutrient solution on the availability of nutrients，growth and development，yield and quality of tomato were discussed．The concentration of nutrients in the nutrient

solution and the appropriate content in different parts of tomato plants were introduced．This paper also summarized the classic standard formulations of tomato nutrient solution at home and abroad，and its scope of application and changes in diff erent phenological growth periods．The feasibility of the application of organic nutrient solution in soilless cultivation of tomato were discussed．In this paper，the professional institutions，instruments and equipment and online in-situ detection methods of nutrient solution testing at home and abroad were introduced，as well as the method of dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution formula and the online decision support system for nutrient solution formula adjustment according to the target value of nutrient solution in the root zone of tomato at diff erent growth stages．It was proposed that the nutrient solution formula should

be dynamically adjusted according to different tomato varieties，growth stages，feeding water quality and climatic conditions to obtain the best yield and quality．It is s uggested that Chinese researchers should speed up the research and development of on-line in-situ detection equipment and on-line decision-making support system for dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution，narrow the gap with f oreign advanced countries，and improve the intelligent level of dynamic adjustment of nutrient solution．This paper can provide a reference for growers and technicians of soilless tomato cult ivation in intelligent greenhouses．

To further promote the healthy development of China’s chili pepper industry and increase the income of chili pepper growers，based on the study of the input-output of chili pepper cultivation in China， this thesis compares the sales form of chili pepper，the scale of chili pepper，the main chili pepper producing provinces，the level of chili pepper mechanization，the chili pepper cultivation mode，and the cost-benefit ratio of chili pepper cultivation，and analyzes the factors influencing the cost-benefit ratio of chili pepper cultivation．It was found that：the income from chili pepper cultivation is unstable，and the uncertainty of income from dried chili pepper is higher than that from fresh chili pepper；the expansion of chili pepper cultivation scale does not signififi cantly enhance benefifi ts；the continuous increase in labor costs for chili pepper cultivation has reduced the income level．Based on this，countermeasures and suggestions such as introducing chili pepper cultivation and price insurance，enhancing the full mechanization level of chili pepper cultivation，and accelerating the research and development of new chili pepper varieties are proposed．

Abstract：Edible mushroom is a green and healthy industry characterized by a long industrial chain，significant development potential and strong income-generating effects，which is a vital force for adopting an all-encompassing approach to food，an effective way to develop recycling agriculture，and an crucial breakthrough to achieve the industrialized and intelligent agriculture．By analyzing development scale， variety and regional layout，industrialized production，scientifi c and technological support system and brand building，we summarize the advantages and potentials of Chongqing edible mushroom industry in terms of resource endowment，development momentum and market demand．Based on the perspective of high-quality development of the industry，the study delves into existing challenges，including the relatively low industrial level，incomplete industrial chain，insufficient scientific and technological support，and weak mechanisms linking farmers to the industry’s benefi ts．To address these issues，the strategic objective of building a largescale， multi-billion yuan edible mushroom industry chain in Chongqing is proposed．Specifi c recommendations are outlined in three key areas：prioritizing strategic planning to drive leapfrog industrial development；promoting integrated development across the entire value chain to enhance industrial capacity；strengthening technological empowerment to overcome key industrial bottlenecks．

This study examines the advancements and evolving trends within China’s vegetable industry by analyzing national science and technology award projects in the vegetable sector from 2000 to 2023．During this timeframe，45 projects in the vegetable sector received awards，predominantly the Second Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress，with the annual number of awarded projects remaining stable．Approximately 60% of the awarded achievements were concentrated in genetic breeding，with notably exceptional outcomes in the breeding of crops such as pepper，Chinese cabbage，tomato，and potato．Each of these crops has garnered four or more project awards．The average age of the primary award recipients was 53.3 years，with young and middle-aged researchers serving as the principal drivers of innovation．Universities，along with national and provincial research institutions，emerged as central innovation hubs，and collaboration among industry，academia，and research entities has been increasingly strengthened．Currently，China has attained significant advancements in various domains，including germplasm resource innovation，breakthroughs in breeding technology，optimization of cultivation methods，pest and disease management，and enhancements in processing technology．Nonetheless，there remain gaps in fundamental research and the original innovation of frontier technologies．Moving forward，it is imperative to intensify foundational research in areas such as vegetable genomics，gene cloning，and functional analysis；develop innovative breeding technologies to efficiently produce breakthrough varieties；and bolster the innovation and application of key technologies throughout the entire vegetable industry chain．These efforts aim to enhance the international competitiveness of China’s vegetable industry and foster its sustainable development．

中国是全球辣椒红素最大生产国（占全球总产量的70% 以上），新疆焉耆盆地光照足、温差大，所产辣椒色价高，是我国种植辣椒红素提取椒的核心产区。当地推广的色素辣椒机械化高产栽培技术已规模化应用逾4.7 万hm2（70 万亩），实现干辣椒每667 m2产量700 kg 以上（高产田达1 100 kg），较常规种植增产10%，采用机械化可降低人工成本50% 以上。

Abstract：Sugar transporter proteins（STPs）are an important class of important monosaccharide transporter proteins that play a crucial roles in plant growth and development．In this study，we used bioinformatics methods were used to identify and analyze the CmSTP gene family in melon（Cucumis melo L.），and the chromosome distribution，gene structure，evolutionary and collinearity relationship，promoter sequence，tissue expression were further characterized. The results showed that the CmSTP gene family contains 18 members，named CmSTP1 to CmSTP18 in sequence，which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes except for chromosome 1，3，10 and 11．All 18 genes contain at least one introns，and most of them contain three introns．In the phylogenetic tree analysis，showed that theall 18 CmSTP genes were divided into three subfamilies．Collinearity analysis revealed that there were thirteen pairs of genes with collinearity relationship were identified between melon and tomato，and seven pairs between melon and Arabidopsis thaliana were identified.The analysis of promoter sequences analysis identified various hormones and light-responsive cisregulatory elements．The expression analysis showed that 12 CmSTP genes expressed only in specific tissue，indicating that they may act different functions in different tissues or development stages of melon．These results lay a foundation for further investigation into exploring the functions of the STP gene family in regulating the growth and development of melon plants．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

To provide reference for the development and utilization of taste type onion germplasm resources through the comprehensive quality evaluation of taste type onion，this study analyzed and evaluated the nutrient composition，amino acid composition，volatile substances，flavonoids and phenolic acid indexes of representative conventional onion（pink skin onion，yellow skin onion）and taste type onion（yellow outer skin）in Gansu Province as test materials．The results showed that the taste type onion was significantly better than the conventional onion in terms of nutritional quality，in which the content of soluble sugar was more than 1.5 times that of the conventional onion，the content of soluble protein was higher than that of the yellow and pink onion by 114.29% and 36.67%，respectively，and the content of organic acid was higher than that of the yellow and pink onion by 124.39% and 58.62%，respectively；at the same time，the textural properties of the taste type onion were better than that of the conventional onion．The texture characteristics of the taste type onion are moderate compared to conventional onions in terms of hardness and elasticity．Additionally，it has a significant advantage in its functional characteristics，particularly in polyphenol content，which is increased by 33.34% and 87.15% compared to yellow and pink skin onions，respectively．In addition，the taste type onion volatile flavor substances content is lower than the pink skin and yellow skin onions，respectively，67.79% and 38.57% lower．In particular，it did not detect irritating sulfur compounds，so the pungent taste is lighter，more suitable for raw food．Therefore，the pungent flavor is lighter and more suitable for raw food．In conclusion，the taste type onion is significantly better than the conventional onion in terms of nutritional quality，texture，and functional properties，and has better food quality and health effects，which is of high value for development and utilization．

To address the dual challenges of agricultural waste management and cultivation substrate development in facility-based horticulture，this study employed microbial-assisted composting to recycle waste coconut coir and vegetable straw into value-added substrates．Five substrate blends were prepared by mixing the fermented product with commercial coconut coir at volume ratios of 10∶0，7∶3，5∶5，3∶7，and 0∶10（treatments A1-A5）．A commercial substrate（peat∶vermiculite∶perlite = 7V∶2V∶1V）was used as the control（CK）．We systematically evaluated the composting performance，physicochemical and nutritional properties of the recycled coir，as well as its effects on growth and fruit quality of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）throughout the entire growth cycle．The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the A1 and A2 composite substrates most closely resembled those of an ideal substrate．At the seedling stage，plant height and shoot fresh weight in A2 increased significantly by 19.4% and 26.2%，respectively，compared to CK．The root fresh weight and root length in A2 were both significantly greater than that in all other treatments，with the exception of CK．At the fruiting stage，the yield per plant under A2 reached 2 915.66 g，increased 51.2% compared to A5．The soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C content of fruits in A2 were significantly higher than those in A5，although nitrate accumulation was also higher（325.30 mg·kg^-1）．Principal component analysis indicated that A2 ranked second in comprehensive score for seedling-stage indicators（0.891），behind CK（1.206），and achieved the highest score in root-shoot development-related components．Moreover，A2 received the highest comprehensive score（2.711）for fruiting-stage indicators，reflecting its positive effects on shoot growth and fruit quality．The comprehensive cost of A2 was 32.3% lower than that of commercial coconut coir．In conclusion，the A2 composite substrate（recycled coconut coir：commercial coconut coir = 7V∶3V）can effectively replace traditional commercial substrates in cucumber soilless cultivation and is suitable for large-scale application．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has achieved significant breakthroughs

in foundational research related to distant hybridization，pan-genomics，and the evolutionary domestication of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis）．These advancements include the mapping，cloning，and analysis of regulatory mechanisms for genes associated with important agronomic traits，as well as the development of molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection．Notable progress has also been made in the collection，identification，exploration，and innovative utilization of Chinese cabbage resources，leading to the creation and cultivation of a series of superior novel germplasm and high-quality，multiple-resistant new varieties．This paper provides an overview and summary of the advancements made in China’s genetic breeding of Chinese cabbage over the past five years．It also discusses and analyzes the main issues currently facing Chinese cabbage breeding and outlines future research directions that warrant further investigation．

Ginger root rot can cause yellowing and wilting at the base of the aboveground stems，as well as decay and browning of the underground tubers，with field incidence rates exceeding 90%．This study isolated and purified pathogenic fungi from diseased ginger samples collected from Anqiu，Shandong．Based on ITS and EF sequence alignment，phylogenetic tree analysis，and combined morphological and molecular biological identification，the primary pathogens causing ginger root rot in Anqiu were determined to be Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum．Targeting these two pathogens，the control efficacy of a composite microbial agent prepared by combining Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 and Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens ZF57 was investigated．The results showed that the highest control efficacy against Pythium root rot and Fusarium root rot in ginger，reaching 75.17% and 73.23%，respectively，was achieved using the following treatment：soaking ginger seeds in a 300-fold dilution of the composite microbial agent for 15 minutes，followed by spraying 50 mL at the stem base and applying 900 mL via root drenching．

‘Huangguan 304’is a new taste type celery variety，which is developed through artificial controlled hybridization using inbred line‘C304’as female parent and selected single plant‘S330’as male parent，followed by five consecutive generations of self-pollination directional selection．It grows fast and matures early，can be harvested after about 60 days of planting，with an average single plant weight of 63.3 g．The plant height is about 65 cm．The petiole is hollow and shallow of ribs，with an average 36.2 cm in length and 1.1 cm in width，and light yellow in color，gradually turns white near the base．The mature leaves are yellow green，and the heart leaves are tender yellow．The plant is c risp and ten der with a crude fi ber content of 0.725%，and a sw eet taste with a total soluble sugar content of 1.16%．It is late bolting，and high resistant to leaf spot disease．It can yield about 54 t · hm-2，and suitable for direct-seeding rapid g rowth as well as transplanting cultivation in various regions in the north and south．

Green production refers to a series of environmentally friendly strategies and technologies implemented in the agricultural sector，aimed at reducing environmental burdens，improving resource utilization efficiency，and promoting environmental protection and food safety．With consumers’ growing attention to healthy food，the market demand for green vegetables continues to expand，providing broad development opportunities for the green production of vegetables．Among them，leeks are not only one of China’s characteristic vegetables but also possess extremely high nutritional value．However，current leek production suffers from extensive farming practices，outdated technology and equipment，low production effi ciency，and insuffi cient quality assurance．This paper introduces typical cultivation methods for leek，with a focus on discussing the technologies and equipment currently applied in domestic and international green leek production processes，including land preparation，sowing，field management（irrigation and fertilization，intertillage and earthing up，pest and disease control），harvesting，and post-harvest handling．Additionally，development strategies and recommendations are proposed to support the advancement of green leek production technologies and equipment．

Yujiao No.10’is a new three-line hybrid pepper developed by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line ‘PC134A’ as female parent and inbred restorer line ‘PC195’ as male parent．It is of mid-maturing，with plant height about 70 cm and breadth about 50 cm．The first flower sets on the 11th node．The fruit is horn-shaped，with green ripe fruit color is light green，old ripe fruit color is red，slightly wrinkled，concave，crisp，good taste．The average fruit longitudinal diameter is 20.6 cm，diameter is 4.5 cm，flesh thickness is 0.37 cm，single fruit weight is 98 g，VC content is 1 100.0 mg·kg-1．It is resistant to TMV and anthracnose，moderately resistant to CMV and phytophthora blight．The yield is about 60 t·hm-2．It is suitable for early spring planting in protected fields in Henan Province．

Abstract：Peppers are an essential vegetable and economic crop in China．Capsaicinoids are a class of natural secondary metabolites unique to the fruits of the genus Capsicum，which give peppers their pungency． The degree of pungency in peppers is controlled by genotypes and infl uenced by environmental factors．This paper reviewd the species，distribution and accumulation characteristics，biosynthesis，genetic regulation of pungency and its infl uencing factors of capsaicinoids．The current research status on capsaicinoid biosynthesis was summarized，and existing issues were discussed to provide a reference for future studies on the biosynthetic regulation of capsaicinoids and pungency in peppers．

From the perspective of trade flow，this study combines social network theory with trade indicators to investigate the changes and patterns in the global vegetable seed trade pattern，and to identify the supply security of Chinese vegetable seeds．The results indicate that the global vegetable seed trade network continues to expand in scale，with increasing network density and enhanced trade accessibility．The position of core countries such as the Netherlands，the United States，and France in the internet is stable，and they have always been at the forefront in terms of trade intensity，trade independence，and trade control．The Chinese vegetable seed industry is increasingly integrated into the global vegetable seed cycle．While gaining international division of labor benefifi ts，external market inflfl uence is gradually increasing，but overall risks are controllable．Propose to strengthen technological innovation and intellectual property protection as important measures to consolidate the foundation of food security and seed source security；to build an innovation ecosystem for the seed industry，strengthen industrial collaboration，and guide enterprises to specialize and deeply cultivate advantageous areas；we need to strengthen our overseas layout，deepen international cooperation and division of labor in the seed industry，and other policy recommendations．

Abstract：In 2025，China’s garlic market exhibited three prominent characteristics：garlic prices shifted from high to low on a year-on-year（YoY）basis，overall price levels remained elevated，and exports followed a trend of‘ increased volume，decreased price，and reduced total value’．For 2026，driven by high inventory levels and expanded planting areas，garlic prices are highly likely to be lower than those of 2025，provided that no sustained or large-scale natural disasters occur in major producing regions. Currently，China’s garlic industry faces significant challenges，including the frequent occurrence of natural disasters，substantial price volatility，and excessive concentration of export markets．It is recommended to enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of garlic farmers，strengthen the dissemination of market information，and optimize the structure of export markets to promote the high-quality development of the garlic industry．

This study aimed to develop kompetitive allele specific PCR（KASP）markers suitable for genotyping and fingerprint map construction of watermelon germplasms，so as to enhance the protection of watermelon germplasm resources，variety identification，and genetic improvement．Based on the highquality single nucleotide polymorphism sites（SNPs）identified through the re-sequencing data analysis of watermelon，50 KASP markers were designed and employed for genotyping 43 watermelon accessions．Genetic diversity was assessed via cluster analysis and fingerprinting．The overall success rate of KASP marker design was 40.0%，with signifi cant variations across chromosomes．Notably，chromosomes 1 and 7 had the highest success rate of 75.0%．Sixteen optimal KASP markers were selected for genotyping the 43 watermelon accessions．Their genotyping results were used to establish standardized fi ngerprint maps，which were then encoded into two-dimensional codes．This allows for quick retrieval of genetic information and identifi cation of watermelon materials．Cluster analysis revealed that watermelon accessions from Citrullus amarus predominantly formed a distinct clade with close genetic relationship．In contrast，accessions from Citrullus mucosospermus and Citrullus lanatus were broadly distributed across multiple branches，indicating signifi cant genetic divergence and complexity．This research has successfully established and applied KASP technology for watermelon，off ering a new tool for watermelon genetic research and germplasm resource evaluation．It also provides a scientifi c basis for watermelon cultivar identifi cation and germplasm management．

Abstract：Compared with traditional experience-based strategies，optimal control has significant potential to improve crop production efficiency in Chinese solar greenhouses（CSGs）．However，the optimal CSG climate control approach that can be implemented based on conventional local controllers is currently lacking．This study first introduces an innovative tabular scoring method for tomato growth assessment．It involves designing scoring tables for air temperature，shortwave radiation，and effective accumulated temperature， and assigning weighted scores to capture both instantaneous and long-term effects．Then，a CSG climate-crop growth model is developed，followed by the formulation of the optimal control problem．The resulting control system is designed to be compatible with simple controllers，with a focus on exploring the optimal combination of controller setpoints and their reference values．The proposed control approach was evaluated in CSG tomato production scenarios in Beijing．Results show that the control-oriented tomato growth assessment method produced scores that agreed with measured growth trends under different greenhouse climates，effectively simulating the impact of environmental conditions on crop growth．Among various optimal control strategies for the thermal blanket based on setpoints of time and climates，the strategy using combined temperature and radiation setpoints yielded the greatest potential for improving CSG production efficiency．Accordingly，we recommend this setpoint combination for controller design in CSGs．This research provides technical support and a practical framework for deploying optimal control in CSG climate management．

Tongliang district is one of the four major vegetable production and supply bases in Chongqing．The vegetable planting area is about 25 500 hm²，and the facility vegetable area is 3 667 hm²．The yield of vegetables in Tongliang is 0.833 7 million tons．Through conducting field research，listening to reports from vegetable owners，reviewing the relevant industry reports，and soliciting opinions from leaders in charge of agriculture in various towns and streets，as well as industry center promotion personnel，we have summarized the current situation of vegetable production in the whole district from the aspects of vegetable planting area，category，effi ciency，scale of operating entities，and technological innovation．Meanwhile，the problems of low product effi ciency，low production level，labor shortage，etc. in the development of the vegetable industry were analyzed．Finally，the specifi c suggestions for the development of the vegetable industry in the whole district in the next future were proposed from the aspects of vegetable variety，cultivation technology，and brand-building．

Abstract：‘Baolai No.3’is a new open-field type，white-fleshed and purple-round eggplant F1 hybrid，which is developed by crossing inbred line‘YB132-2013’as female parent and‘YB48-2013’as male parent ．It is of late-maturing，with first fruit at the 10th-11th nodes．The plant height is about 120 cm，and width is about 60 cm．The fruit is high-round in shape，with a dark purple pericarp，a shape index of 0.88，and a small，nearly punctiform navel．The single fruit weight is about 600 g．The flesh is white and firm，with a VC content of 13.7 mg·kg-1，a dry matter content of 5.3%，a soluble sugar content of 2.55% ．The plant is strong growth potential，and the resistance to Verticillium wilt is stronger than the control‘Baolai’．The harvest period is of long，and the yield is about 105 t · hm-2．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in North and Northwest China，where white-fleshed and purple-round eggplant is commonly grown．

In order to explore the application effect of strawberry special cultivation substrate（T1），we used traditional substrate（T2）and commercial substrate（T3）as controls to analyze the physical and chemical properties of different strawberry cultivation substrate formulations，study the effects of different cultivation substrates on the growth，quality and yield of strawberry in greenhouse，and conduct cost accounting at the same time. This results showed that the substrate bulk density，total porosity and gas-water ratio of each treatment were within the normal range of crops. In terms of growth and physiological indexes，the growth potential of strawberry plants treated with T3 was relatively strong，which was better than that of T1 and T2. There was no significant difference in the net photosynthetic rate of strawberry leaves under each treatment. The transpiration rate of leaves treated with T1 and T3 was significantly increased by 13.11% and 9.78%，respectively，compared with T2 treatment，and the difference was significant. The fruit sugar-acid ratio of T1 treatment was significantly increased by 72.75% and 68.36% compared with T2 and T3 treatment，and the difference was significant. The yield of T1 treatment was not significantly different from that of T2 and T3，but the yield of T3 treatment was 25.75% higher than that of T2. At the same time，it was calculated that
regardless of labor，transportation and other costs，the benefit per hectare of strawberry in T1 treatment was not significantly different from that in T2 treatment，which was 7.68% higher than that in T3 treatment. In summary，compared with T2 treatment，T1 treatment can improve the growth of strawberry and promote the improvement of fruit quality and yield to a certain extent，and reduce the use of non-renewable peat by 30 percentage points；compared with T3 treatment，the fruit quality of T1 treatment was better，and the price had certain advantages. In addition，the substrate of T1 treatment was not easy to decompose and break，and could be reused，with obvious economic and ecological benefits. 

With the continuous improvement of residents’living standards and the ongoing optimization of dietary structures，consumer demands for cabbage quality have changed from outward appearance（regular head shape and vibrant green color）to diversified requirements for taste，nutrition and health．Against this backdrop，this paper focused on China’s cabbage industry toward high-quality demand during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’period．It analyzed the market demand characteristics of high-quality cabbage and prevalent misconceptions in consumer perception，and summarized the development achievements of the highquality cabbage industry from the aspects of germplasm resource identification and gene mining，new variety development，as well as technique innovations in product processing and quality detection．On this basis，the paper further explored the future development trends of the high-quality cabbage industry．Through the above analyses，this review intends to provide insights for China’s cabbage industry in adaptation to the trend of highquality consumption upgrading and achieving of high-quality development．

‘Bilv 16 3’is a new broccoli F1 hybrid developed by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line‘CMS02’as female parent and inbred DH line‘06’as male parent．It is of mid-maturity，with taking about 75 days from transplanting to harvest．The plant grows vigorously，with dark-green leaves．The head ball is compact，nearly semi-dome in shape，with green and fine beads which don’t turn into violet even under low temperature．The single head weight is about 0.45 kg．Its VC content is 1 035 mg · kg-1 （FW），protein content is 3.38%，and the contents of mineral elements of Ca，K，Mg，Fe，Mn，Zn are 450.3 mg · kg-1 （FW），2 597.8 mg · kg-1 （FW），221.7 mg · kg-1 （FW），5.12 mg · kg-1 （FW），1.99 mg · kg-1 （FW），4.76 mg · kg-1 （FW），respectively．Its resistance to TuMV and black rot in fields are comparable to that of contrasts ‘Youxiu’and‘Naihanyouxiu’．The yield is about 19.5 t · hm-2 ．It is suitable for autumn cultivation in Beijing，Henan，Hebei，Jiangxi．

China is a major producer of facility vegetables，but the modernization level of facility

vegetable plant protection machinery is low，and there is a lack of high-efficiency，high-efficiency，precision spraying，and intelligent plant protection machinery which is suitable for facility vegetables，and this has brought about problems such as low production efficiency，poor prevention efficiency，low pesticide utilization rate，environmental pollution，and production safety．This article takes the basic theory of fog droplets，which is crucial for plant protection machinery，as the starting point．It systematically sorts out the types of plant protection machinery suitable for facility vegetables production and related pesticide application technologies，analyzes the main problems in the research and development，promotion and application of facility vegetable plant protection machinery，and puts forward corresponding suggestions．Finally，it looks forward to the development direction of facility vegetable plant protection machinery，aiming to provide reference and inspiration for promoting the improvement and upgrading of facility vegetable plant protection machinery and enhancing the modernization level of plant protection in China．

Bacterial soft rot in cucumber is a serious bacterial disease that is caused by Pectobacterium carotovora subspecies brasiliensis．This article mainly reviews recent research progress in the identififi cation of the pathogen，pathogenic mechanism，resistance identification methods，inheritance analysis of disease resistance，genetic mapping of disease resistance genes，and control methods of cucumber bacterial soft rot in cucumber．Meanwhile，the future research directions are prospected，aiming to provide references for disease resistant breeding of cucumber bacterial soft rot．

As a major component of vegetable waste，the resource utilisation of tailrace is of great significance in reducing environmental pollution，promoting resource recycling and achieving sustainable development．In this paper，we classify the ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste from two dimensions，namely，technology classification and product classification，and review the main ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste，including directly return to the field，fertilisation，feed，energy，chemical raw material production，food processing and adsorbent preparation，and focuses on analysing the principle，current situation and application prospect of each technology path，in order to promote the resource utilisation of vegetable waste in the direction of systematisation and industrialisation，to provide references for building a circular economy model featuring harmonious symbiosis between agricultural production and the ecological environment，and to offer insights for achieving global sustainable development goals.

Abstract：In view of the major problems in celery production in Hebei Province，such as continuous cropping obstacles and frequenet occurence of diseases and pests，this paper carried out investigations and research on the basis situation of celery planting scale，planting mode，cropping arrangement，as well as the types and control of major diseases and pests．The results show that celery cultivation in Hebei Province is mainly concentrated in spring，autumn and winter，with open fi eld and facility cultivation，and chemical agents are often used to control diseases and pests of celery．In addition，Bradysia dodriphaga and bulb mite， which are underground pests of celery，were newly discovered．Meanwhile，countermeasures and suggestions for celery planting were put forward from the aspects of agricultural control，physical control，biological control and chemical control，to achieve the green and efficient development of celery industry in Hebei Province．

Sweet potato is a significant grain and economic crop in China．By the conclusion of 2024，China had submitted a total of 557 applications for novel sweet potato varieties，of which 305 were approved．This paper undertakes an analysis of the current status and existing issues regarding the protection of new sweet potato varieties in China．The results indicate that applications and authorisations for sweet potato variety rights primarily originated from the East China region，with a total of 269 applications and 156 authorisations respectively．The mean duration of authorisation for sweet potato variety rights was 3.28 years．Among different applicant entities，domestic research institutions submitted the highest number of applications and received the most authorizations，with 455 applications and 235 authorizations respectively．A thorough analysis of the current state of sweet potato variety rights protection reveals several issues that require attention．Primarily，applications for variety rights are predominantly filed by research institutes，with limited corporate participation．Additionally，the geographical distribution of variety rights is uneven，with a low proportion of foreign variety applications．The examination and authorization cycle is lengthy，and the efficiency of review and coordination by approval agencies needs improvement．Finally，innovation coverage for new varieties remains insufficient．In light of the challenges that currently exist，the following recommendations are made：the protection of new sweet potato varieties should be strengthened，the allocation of resources should be
optimised，a germplasm resource sharing mechanism should be established，the database of known sweet potato varieties and the fingerprint database should be enhanced，the restructuring of sweet potato varieties should be advanced，and variety quality should be improved．Innovation in the protection of new sweet potato varieties should be further promoted．

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of the edible mushroom industry in Beijing．It examines aspects including production volume，production types，regional distribution，production facility types，and sales methods．Moreover，it compares the benefits of various edible mushroom cultivation methods between Beijing and different cities．The development advantages of the edible mushroom industry in Beijing were systematically analyzed，such as strong policy support，a solid scientific and technological support foundation，the advantages of a large market and extensive circulation，and relatively high economic returns．At the same time，the existing disadvantages are also pointed out．For instance，the constraints of resources and the environment are becoming more intense，and the production costs are increasing signififi cantly．Meanwhile，the industrial chain is incomplete，and the product added value is insufficient．Additionally，the production technology level of edible fungi requires improvement．Five aspects of suggestions are put forward to facilitate the high-quality development of the edible mushroom industry in Beijing．These include improving the level of edible mushroom facilities and equipment to boost industry competitiveness．Enhance technological support to stimulate‘new momentum’ and boost comparative advantages．Actively foster and strengthen ‘new entities’ while innovating business models．Elongate the industrial chain，promote the development of socialized services，and put forward suggestions regarding enriching product forms，building regional brands，and facilitating industrial integration and development．

Abstract：Watermelon（Citrullus lanatus L.）is a widely cultivated popular horticultural crop for its juicy and nutritious fruits．However，the scarcity of salt-tolerant germplasm has limited the breeding of new salt-tolerant varieties．In this study，18 watermelon germplasm materials were systematically evaluated for salt tolerance differences under 150 mmol · L-1 NaCl-induced salt stress，and an efficient salt tolerance evaluation system was established．Results demonstrated that salt stress significantly inhibited seedling growth with notable variation in salt tolerance among materials．Salt tolerance coefficient analysis revealed that：① all materials except‘B105’and‘JX-3’showed plant height coefficients below 1.0；② The root length coefficients of‘B105’，‘CJ-1’ and‘W17’ is 1.80，1.67 and 1.82，respectively，indicating their strong salt tolerance；③‘W17’ displayed superior shoot fresh weight（0.66）and dry weight（1.00）coefficients，while‘M20’showed significantly lower values（0.54 and 0.90）．Through principal component analysis，membership function evaluation and cluster analysis，the materials were classified into three categories：salt-tolerant（‘B105’‘W17’‘CJ-1’‘14-1’and‘C48’），moderately salt-tolerant，and salt-sensitive （‘A19’‘C5’‘A11’‘M20’）．A predictive equation for salt tolerance evaluation was established via stepwise regression：Y = 0.175X₃ + 0.675X₄  - 0.138（R² = 0.908，X₃   and X₄ represent root length and shoot fresh weight，respectively），which indicated that the root length and shoot fresh weight were important indicators for salt tolerance identification in watermelon seedlings．In this study，an efficient salt tolerance identification system for watermelon was established，which provides a theoretical foundation for salt-tolerant germplasm identification and breeding，demonstrating significant application potential．

Abstract：Through discussions and field research with the local agricultural industry authorities，leading

enterprises and large growers，the basic situation of vegetable planting，cultivation of market players，

processing and sales，product development and brand building，and employment promotion in the three

cities of Northwest Yunnan were comprehensively understood. Summarize and analyze the current situation，

characteristics，advantages and problems of vegetable industry development in 3 cities. The developmentsuggestions were put forward to optimize the regional layout of vegetable planting，improve the technical system of vegetable standardization industry in cold summer areas，focus on developing the intensive processing of vegetables，implement the strategy of vegetable brand，strengthen the cultivation of new business entities，steadily promote the integrated development of the whole industrial chain of vegetables，enhance the support capacity of industrial science and technology，carry out the renovation project of old facilities，and rationally optimize the farming system.

In order to thoroughly investigate the characteristics and disparities in nutritional quality as
well as inorganic element accumulation between wild and artificial morel mushrooms sourced from Daozhen
and Shuicheng origins in Guizhou，this study meticulously analyzed the contents of five key nutritional
components，namely total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，and proteins，
along with 22 inorganic elements in both the caps and stalks of morel mushrooms from diverse origins of
wild and artificial varieties. Comprehensive assessments were carried out through correlation analysis，PCA （principal component analysis），and the evaluation of nutritional indices. The results indicated that significant
differences existed in the contents of total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，
and proteins between the wild and artificial morel mushrooms from the two origins. Notably，most nutritional
indexes demonstrated a trend where the values in the caps were higher than those in the stalks. Specifically，the
protein content in morel mushrooms was 2.13 to 5.78 times that of five common vegetables. Regarding inorganic
elements，the contents of Pb，Hg，Al，Cu，Fe，Zn，and Mn in wild morel mushrooms were higher than
those in artificial ones. In terms of the distribution within the mushroom，the contents of As，Hg，Se，Cu，
Zn，Mn，Sr，Ca，P，and K in the caps were higher than those in the stalks，while the situation was reversed
for Al．Moreover，the Na contents of morel mushrooms from both locations were substantially lower than
the national average，whereas the opposite was true for Se and K．The PCA analysis results and mineral
element nutritional quality index（INQ）values showed the same pattern across the two origins，with Daozhen
being higher than Shuicheng．In conclusion，both the stalks and caps of morel mushrooms can serve as highquality
protein sources. Given their potassium-rich and sodium-poor characteristics，they are suitable as dietary
supplements for hypertensive patients．

Based on research，this study analyzes the current development status of edible mushroom seed industry in Henan Province．It identifies prominent problems，including a shortage of talents in breeding and production technologies，insufficient breeding technology system and level that fail to meet industrial demands，inadequate strain expansion techniques，inadequate regulatory and service，and serious deficiencies in the breeding capabilities of enterprises．Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed such as strengthening the collection，protection and utilization of germplasm resources，consolidating talent support，increasing foundation and application research，strictly regulating the technical process of strain propagation，enhancing the breeding innovation ability of strain enterprises，and optimizing development environment．

This paper systematically sorts out the development context of the specialty vegetable industry in Beijing，analyzes its current status，profit models and challenges，and provides theoretical support and strategic suggestions for the industrial transformation and upgrading．Combining literature review and case analysis，the study integrates policy documents，industry reports and enterprise practices，and finds that the industry started with the introduction of foreign varieties in the 1990s，underwent upgrading and expansion driven by the 2008 Olympic Games，and has now entered a high-quality development stage characterized by diversification，functionalization and refinement．As of 2024，the planting area of specialty vegetables in the city is approximately 1 300 hectares，forming a system dominated by functional vegetables and local specialty varieties；the sales model is mainly based on‘traditional wholesale markets + direct supply to supermarkets’，supplemented by channels such as contract farming，CSA（Community Supported Agriculture），e-commerce and leisure picking. Currently，the high-profit models include‘specialty varieties + quality certification + short-chain direct sales’and‘organic certification + experience value-added’．However，the industry still faces bottlenecks：low degree of variety localization，insufficient stability of functional components，low level of production standardization，and limited brand influence．In response，this paper proposes to strengthen top-level design，implement the‘1 + N + N’regional layout strategy，deepen research on cultivation and quality control technologies，promote the construction of standards for the entire industrial chain，and enhance industrial added value and development resilience through brand building，marketing innovation and channel expansion，so as to drive the industry towards a‘ quality-and-efficiency-oriented’transformation．

Fruit firmness is one of the important commercial traits of eggplant．To investigate the genetic characteristics of fruit firmness and to improve the fruit firmness and breeding efficiency of eggplant，we used multi-generation analysis of a major gene plus polygene model．Six populations obtained from eggplant inbred line‘ 2138’（soft fruit）and inbred line‘ 2149’（firm fruit）were used for the analysis．Fruit firmness is controlled by nuclear genes，softness shows incomplete dominance to firmness，and fruit firmness has the basic characteristics of quantitative traits in eggplant．Fruit firmness was controlled by the two major genes plus polygene model during three growing seasons．The major gene heritability in the BC₁P₂ populations were the highest among the three separate populations，they were 48.68%，46.33% and 55.45%，respectively．They were all higher than the polygenic heritability. When selecting the fruit firmness trait in the BC₁P₂ population，the selection efficiency is relatively high．Our results provide important genetic information for breeding，which could guide improvement of fruit firmness and lay the foundation for quantitative trait loci mapping of the fruit firmness in eggplant．