In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual

backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．

This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

With consumption upgrading，the tomato consumption market is showing a diversified trend，and consumers’demand for high-quality tomatoes is becoming increasingly prominent．To gain insights into the pattern of China’s tomato industry amidst evolving market demands，this study conducted interviews with representatives from large domestic agricultural product wholesale markets，tomato breeding experts，and enterprises，and provided an analysis of the current status and development of China’s tomato industry．Currently，China’s tomato cultivation area continues to expand，with advantageous production regions developing rapidly. The varieties of tomatoes and cultivation methods are becoming increasingly diverse，and the market share of domestically bred varieties is gradually increasing．Molecular breeding and gene editing technologies are driving improvements in tomato breeding efficiency and the creation of disease-resistant germplasm．Moreover，the operation model of the entire tomato industry chain is emerging，and there is an urgent need to establish a tomato quality standard system to promote premium pricing for high-quality products，thereby meeting the market’s diversified and high-quality demands．

Abstract：In 2025，China’s garlic market exhibited three prominent characteristics：garlic prices shifted from high to low on a year-on-year（YoY）basis，overall price levels remained elevated，and exports followed a trend of‘ increased volume，decreased price，and reduced total value’．For 2026，driven by high inventory levels and expanded planting areas，garlic prices are highly likely to be lower than those of 2025，provided that no sustained or large-scale natural disasters occur in major producing regions. Currently，China’s garlic industry faces significant challenges，including the frequent occurrence of natural disasters，substantial price volatility，and excessive concentration of export markets．It is recommended to enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of garlic farmers，strengthen the dissemination of market information，and optimize the structure of export markets to promote the high-quality development of the garlic industry．

Abstract：Compared with traditional experience-based strategies，optimal control has significant potential to improve crop production efficiency in Chinese solar greenhouses（CSGs）．However，the optimal CSG climate control approach that can be implemented based on conventional local controllers is currently lacking．This study first introduces an innovative tabular scoring method for tomato growth assessment．It involves designing scoring tables for air temperature，shortwave radiation，and effective accumulated temperature， and assigning weighted scores to capture both instantaneous and long-term effects．Then，a CSG climate-crop growth model is developed，followed by the formulation of the optimal control problem．The resulting control system is designed to be compatible with simple controllers，with a focus on exploring the optimal combination of controller setpoints and their reference values．The proposed control approach was evaluated in CSG tomato production scenarios in Beijing．Results show that the control-oriented tomato growth assessment method produced scores that agreed with measured growth trends under different greenhouse climates，effectively simulating the impact of environmental conditions on crop growth．Among various optimal control strategies for the thermal blanket based on setpoints of time and climates，the strategy using combined temperature and radiation setpoints yielded the greatest potential for improving CSG production efficiency．Accordingly，we recommend this setpoint combination for controller design in CSGs．This research provides technical support and a practical framework for deploying optimal control in CSG climate management．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

To further promote the healthy development of China’s chili pepper industry and increase the income of chili pepper growers，based on the study of the input-output of chili pepper cultivation in China， this thesis compares the sales form of chili pepper，the scale of chili pepper，the main chili pepper producing provinces，the level of chili pepper mechanization，the chili pepper cultivation mode，and the cost-benefit ratio of chili pepper cultivation，and analyzes the factors influencing the cost-benefit ratio of chili pepper cultivation．It was found that：the income from chili pepper cultivation is unstable，and the uncertainty of income from dried chili pepper is higher than that from fresh chili pepper；the expansion of chili pepper cultivation scale does not signififi cantly enhance benefifi ts；the continuous increase in labor costs for chili pepper cultivation has reduced the income level．Based on this，countermeasures and suggestions such as introducing chili pepper cultivation and price insurance，enhancing the full mechanization level of chili pepper cultivation，and accelerating the research and development of new chili pepper varieties are proposed．

This study examines the advancements and evolving trends within China’s vegetable industry by analyzing national science and technology award projects in the vegetable sector from 2000 to 2023．During this timeframe，45 projects in the vegetable sector received awards，predominantly the Second Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress，with the annual number of awarded projects remaining stable．Approximately 60% of the awarded achievements were concentrated in genetic breeding，with notably exceptional outcomes in the breeding of crops such as pepper，Chinese cabbage，tomato，and potato．Each of these crops has garnered four or more project awards．The average age of the primary award recipients was 53.3 years，with young and middle-aged researchers serving as the principal drivers of innovation．Universities，along with national and provincial research institutions，emerged as central innovation hubs，and collaboration among industry，academia，and research entities has been increasingly strengthened．Currently，China has attained significant advancements in various domains，including germplasm resource innovation，breakthroughs in breeding technology，optimization of cultivation methods，pest and disease management，and enhancements in processing technology．Nonetheless，there remain gaps in fundamental research and the original innovation of frontier technologies．Moving forward，it is imperative to intensify foundational research in areas such as vegetable genomics，gene cloning，and functional analysis；develop innovative breeding technologies to efficiently produce breakthrough varieties；and bolster the innovation and application of key technologies throughout the entire vegetable industry chain．These efforts aim to enhance the international competitiveness of China’s vegetable industry and foster its sustainable development．

中国是全球辣椒红素最大生产国（占全球总产量的70% 以上），新疆焉耆盆地光照足、温差大，所产辣椒色价高，是我国种植辣椒红素提取椒的核心产区。当地推广的色素辣椒机械化高产栽培技术已规模化应用逾4.7 万hm2（70 万亩），实现干辣椒每667 m2产量700 kg 以上（高产田达1 100 kg），较常规种植增产10%，采用机械化可降低人工成本50% 以上。

To provide reference for the development and utilization of taste type onion germplasm resources through the comprehensive quality evaluation of taste type onion，this study analyzed and evaluated the nutrient composition，amino acid composition，volatile substances，flavonoids and phenolic acid indexes of representative conventional onion（pink skin onion，yellow skin onion）and taste type onion（yellow outer skin）in Gansu Province as test materials．The results showed that the taste type onion was significantly better than the conventional onion in terms of nutritional quality，in which the content of soluble sugar was more than 1.5 times that of the conventional onion，the content of soluble protein was higher than that of the yellow and pink onion by 114.29% and 36.67%，respectively，and the content of organic acid was higher than that of the yellow and pink onion by 124.39% and 58.62%，respectively；at the same time，the textural properties of the taste type onion were better than that of the conventional onion．The texture characteristics of the taste type onion are moderate compared to conventional onions in terms of hardness and elasticity．Additionally，it has a significant advantage in its functional characteristics，particularly in polyphenol content，which is increased by 33.34% and 87.15% compared to yellow and pink skin onions，respectively．In addition，the taste type onion volatile flavor substances content is lower than the pink skin and yellow skin onions，respectively，67.79% and 38.57% lower．In particular，it did not detect irritating sulfur compounds，so the pungent taste is lighter，more suitable for raw food．Therefore，the pungent flavor is lighter and more suitable for raw food．In conclusion，the taste type onion is significantly better than the conventional onion in terms of nutritional quality，texture，and functional properties，and has better food quality and health effects，which is of high value for development and utilization．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has achieved significant breakthroughs

in foundational research related to distant hybridization，pan-genomics，and the evolutionary domestication of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis）．These advancements include the mapping，cloning，and analysis of regulatory mechanisms for genes associated with important agronomic traits，as well as the development of molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection．Notable progress has also been made in the collection，identification，exploration，and innovative utilization of Chinese cabbage resources，leading to the creation and cultivation of a series of superior novel germplasm and high-quality，multiple-resistant new varieties．This paper provides an overview and summary of the advancements made in China’s genetic breeding of Chinese cabbage over the past five years．It also discusses and analyzes the main issues currently facing Chinese cabbage breeding and outlines future research directions that warrant further investigation．

Abstract：Sugar transporter proteins（STPs）are an important class of important monosaccharide transporter proteins that play a crucial roles in plant growth and development．In this study，we used bioinformatics methods were used to identify and analyze the CmSTP gene family in melon（Cucumis melo L.），and the chromosome distribution，gene structure，evolutionary and collinearity relationship，promoter sequence，tissue expression were further characterized. The results showed that the CmSTP gene family contains 18 members，named CmSTP1 to CmSTP18 in sequence，which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes except for chromosome 1，3，10 and 11．All 18 genes contain at least one introns，and most of them contain three introns．In the phylogenetic tree analysis，showed that theall 18 CmSTP genes were divided into three subfamilies．Collinearity analysis revealed that there were thirteen pairs of genes with collinearity relationship were identified between melon and tomato，and seven pairs between melon and Arabidopsis thaliana were identified.The analysis of promoter sequences analysis identified various hormones and light-responsive cisregulatory elements．The expression analysis showed that 12 CmSTP genes expressed only in specific tissue，indicating that they may act different functions in different tissues or development stages of melon．These results lay a foundation for further investigation into exploring the functions of the STP gene family in regulating the growth and development of melon plants．

‘Huangguan 304’is a new taste type celery variety，which is developed through artificial controlled hybridization using inbred line‘C304’as female parent and selected single plant‘S330’as male parent，followed by five consecutive generations of self-pollination directional selection．It grows fast and matures early，can be harvested after about 60 days of planting，with an average single plant weight of 63.3 g．The plant height is about 65 cm．The petiole is hollow and shallow of ribs，with an average 36.2 cm in length and 1.1 cm in width，and light yellow in color，gradually turns white near the base．The mature leaves are yellow green，and the heart leaves are tender yellow．The plant is c risp and ten der with a crude fi ber content of 0.725%，and a sw eet taste with a total soluble sugar content of 1.16%．It is late bolting，and high resistant to leaf spot disease．It can yield about 54 t · hm-2，and suitable for direct-seeding rapid g rowth as well as transplanting cultivation in various regions in the north and south．

To address the dual challenges of agricultural waste management and cultivation substrate development in facility-based horticulture，this study employed microbial-assisted composting to recycle waste coconut coir and vegetable straw into value-added substrates．Five substrate blends were prepared by mixing the fermented product with commercial coconut coir at volume ratios of 10∶0，7∶3，5∶5，3∶7，and 0∶10（treatments A1-A5）．A commercial substrate（peat∶vermiculite∶perlite = 7V∶2V∶1V）was used as the control（CK）．We systematically evaluated the composting performance，physicochemical and nutritional properties of the recycled coir，as well as its effects on growth and fruit quality of cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）throughout the entire growth cycle．The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the A1 and A2 composite substrates most closely resembled those of an ideal substrate．At the seedling stage，plant height and shoot fresh weight in A2 increased significantly by 19.4% and 26.2%，respectively，compared to CK．The root fresh weight and root length in A2 were both significantly greater than that in all other treatments，with the exception of CK．At the fruiting stage，the yield per plant under A2 reached 2 915.66 g，increased 51.2% compared to A5．The soluble sugar，soluble solids，and vitamin C content of fruits in A2 were significantly higher than those in A5，although nitrate accumulation was also higher（325.30 mg·kg^-1）．Principal component analysis indicated that A2 ranked second in comprehensive score for seedling-stage indicators（0.891），behind CK（1.206），and achieved the highest score in root-shoot development-related components．Moreover，A2 received the highest comprehensive score（2.711）for fruiting-stage indicators，reflecting its positive effects on shoot growth and fruit quality．The comprehensive cost of A2 was 32.3% lower than that of commercial coconut coir．In conclusion，the A2 composite substrate（recycled coconut coir：commercial coconut coir = 7V∶3V）can effectively replace traditional commercial substrates in cucumber soilless cultivation and is suitable for large-scale application．

Ginger root rot can cause yellowing and wilting at the base of the aboveground stems，as well as decay and browning of the underground tubers，with field incidence rates exceeding 90%．This study isolated and purified pathogenic fungi from diseased ginger samples collected from Anqiu，Shandong．Based on ITS and EF sequence alignment，phylogenetic tree analysis，and combined morphological and molecular biological identification，the primary pathogens causing ginger root rot in Anqiu were determined to be Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum．Targeting these two pathogens，the control efficacy of a composite microbial agent prepared by combining Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 and Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens ZF57 was investigated．The results showed that the highest control efficacy against Pythium root rot and Fusarium root rot in ginger，reaching 75.17% and 73.23%，respectively，was achieved using the following treatment：soaking ginger seeds in a 300-fold dilution of the composite microbial agent for 15 minutes，followed by spraying 50 mL at the stem base and applying 900 mL via root drenching．

洋葱全程轻简化栽培技术采用现代农业装备，通过农机农艺相融合，在整地施肥、种子处理、育苗、定植、田间管理、病虫草害防控和采收等环节实现了机械化，可节约10～15 倍劳动力，提高生产效率，适宜在规模洋葱种植区推广应用。

From the perspective of trade flow，this study combines social network theory with trade indicators to investigate the changes and patterns in the global vegetable seed trade pattern，and to identify the supply security of Chinese vegetable seeds．The results indicate that the global vegetable seed trade network continues to expand in scale，with increasing network density and enhanced trade accessibility．The position of core countries such as the Netherlands，the United States，and France in the internet is stable，and they have always been at the forefront in terms of trade intensity，trade independence，and trade control．The Chinese vegetable seed industry is increasingly integrated into the global vegetable seed cycle．While gaining international division of labor benefifi ts，external market inflfl uence is gradually increasing，but overall risks are controllable．Propose to strengthen technological innovation and intellectual property protection as important measures to consolidate the foundation of food security and seed source security；to build an innovation ecosystem for the seed industry，strengthen industrial collaboration，and guide enterprises to specialize and deeply cultivate advantageous areas；we need to strengthen our overseas layout，deepen international cooperation and division of labor in the seed industry，and other policy recommendations．

Abstract：Based on transcriptome differential expression analysis between the cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）small-leaf mutant cpa1 and wild type（WT），we found that the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor gene CsAGL62b（CsaV3_3G045410）was significantly downregulated in the cpa1 mutant． The target gene of the cpa1 mutant has been identified as CsHLS1，and its homologous proteins have been shown to play vital regulatory roles in apical hook development and abiotic stress responses in plants．To further dissect the function of CsAGL62b ，the full-length coding sequence of CsAGL62b was cloned from wild-type cucumber using RT-PCR．Bioinformatic analysis showed that this gene encodes a protein of 225 amino acids containing a typical MADS domain．Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it has the closest genetic relationship with CmAGL62b from melon．Promoter cis-element prediction identified regulatory elements associated with light signaling and multiple plant hormones，including methyl jasmonate（MeJA），gibberellin（GA），and salicylic acid．Gene expression pattern analysis indicated that CsAGL62b showed the highest expression level in roots，followed by lateral buds and leaves．Moreover，its transcript abundance was significantly higher in weak roots than in other root types．In the root maturation zone，CsAGL62b  expression was significantly induced and upregulated by exogenous GA and abscisic acid（ABA）．Meanwhile，CsAGL62b in seedling
leaves responded rapidly to ABA and was upregulated，reaching its peak expression at 6 h of ABA treatment．Stress assays demonstrated that the expression of CsAGL62b exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decrease under drought，salt，and high-temperature stresses．In contrast，its expression was significantly downregulated under low-temperature stress，suggesting that CsAGL62b  may participate in multiple abiotic stress responses in cucumber．In summary，this study systematically characterized the molecular features of the cucumber CsAGL62b gene for the first time，and provides a solid molecular foundation for further elucidating its biological functions in root growth，development，and stress resistance in cucumber．

Abstract：Eggplant is an important solanaceous fruit vegetable in China，characterized by extensive cultivation coverage and high yield，with its planting area ranking fifth among all domestic cultivated vegetables．Diversified consumption patterns of eggplant have been developed across China，and distinctive habitual consumption preferences have taken shape in different geographical regions．Combined with years of practical experience in eggplant seed marketing and variety breeding，this paper systematically summarizes the core characteristics，market demands，cultivation patterns，geographical distribution and variety requirements of major commercial eggplant types in China from the perspective of market consumption. The cultivated areas of different eggplant types are also estimated based on seed consumption volume．The results reveal that commercial eggplant cultivars in China are categorized into nine mainstream consumption groups plus a set of specialty eggplant ecotypes．Targeted elite cultivars such as firm-fleshed long purple eggplant and amaranthred long eggplant have been bred to adapt to varied production systems including greenhouse，arch shed and open-field cultivation in line with regional consumption preferences and local agroclimatic conditions．Current eggplant breeding is evolving toward three orientations：dedicated cultivars for barbecue processing，varieties compatible with prefabricated vegetable processing，and genotypes with enhanced stress tolerance．Eggplant production exhibits prominent regional agglom eration，with large-scale production bases covering over ten thousand mu emerging in Shouguang，Emei and other key production zones．Differentiated regional planting
layout has been established for distinct cultivars，and the national total cultivation area exceeds ten million mu，which guarantees stable domestic market supply of eggplant．

Abstract：The vegetable seedling industry in Zhejiang Province has made steady progress in transitioning toward standardization，intensification，and intelligentization，yet still faces bottlenecks such as weak independent innovation capacity，small-scale market entities，and homogeneous competition．Based on field surveys and case analyses，this paper systematically summarizes five typical development models：industryacademia collaborative innovation，regional hub-driven development，full-chain integration，socialized services， and high-end demonstration．It dissects the key factors restricting industrial upgrading from the perspectives of independent innovation，industrial concentration，market mechanisms，and service regulation．Accordingly， four countermeasures are proposed：establishing a pilot verification technology chain connecting breeding with commercial application，optimizing regional hub layouts and contract-based production mechanisms， implementing quality grading and traceability systems for commercial seedlings，and improving grassroots technical services and quality supervision systems．These strategies aim to provide actionable references for enhancing the efficiency and modern transformation of the vegetable seedling industry in Zhejiang Province．

Yujiao No.10’is a new three-line hybrid pepper developed by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line ‘PC134A’ as female parent and inbred restorer line ‘PC195’ as male parent．It is of mid-maturing，with plant height about 70 cm and breadth about 50 cm．The first flower sets on the 11th node．The fruit is horn-shaped，with green ripe fruit color is light green，old ripe fruit color is red，slightly wrinkled，concave，crisp，good taste．The average fruit longitudinal diameter is 20.6 cm，diameter is 4.5 cm，flesh thickness is 0.37 cm，single fruit weight is 98 g，VC content is 1 100.0 mg·kg-1．It is resistant to TMV and anthracnose，moderately resistant to CMV and phytophthora blight．The yield is about 60 t·hm-2．It is suitable for early spring planting in protected fields in Henan Province．

Green production refers to a series of environmentally friendly strategies and technologies implemented in the agricultural sector，aimed at reducing environmental burdens，improving resource utilization efficiency，and promoting environmental protection and food safety．With consumers’ growing attention to healthy food，the market demand for green vegetables continues to expand，providing broad development opportunities for the green production of vegetables．Among them，leeks are not only one of China’s characteristic vegetables but also possess extremely high nutritional value．However，current leek production suffers from extensive farming practices，outdated technology and equipment，low production effi ciency，and insuffi cient quality assurance．This paper introduces typical cultivation methods for leek，with a focus on discussing the technologies and equipment currently applied in domestic and international green leek production processes，including land preparation，sowing，field management（irrigation and fertilization，intertillage and earthing up，pest and disease control），harvesting，and post-harvest handling．Additionally，development strategies and recommendations are proposed to support the advancement of green leek production technologies and equipment．

‘Chengjiang 30’is a new emerald green pod type cowpea variety developed through systematic
selection after crossing the superior line‘313’（selected from‘Zhencui No.5’）as female parent and superior
line‘FA Heihei-3-1BQ’as male parent．It is medium maturity，with about 70 days from sowing to first
tender-pod harvest．It has a strong growth vigor，many branches，and pods setting mainly on the main vine．
The leave is of green，medium-sized，and lanceolate shape．The first inflorescence sets at the 4th-6th node，
while corolla is light purple，each pair of inflorescences forms about 2 pairs of pods．The tender pod is of
emerald green，long-cylindrical，thick-fleshed，straight and uniformly，without rat-tail tips．The average
pod length is 66.5 cm，and single pod weight is 34.4 g．It is suitable for pickling．The seed is kidney-shaped，
and seed coat is reddish-brown with black dots．It is resistant to root rot．The yield is about 43.5 t · hm-2．It is
suitable for cultivation in Sichuan during the spring，summer，and autumn seasons．

Abstract：‘Zunjiao 222’is a new dry and fresh dual-purpose pepper F1 hybrid bred by the cytoplasmicnuclear male sterile line‘ZHS3’as female parent and the inbred line‘ZHA2-TZ’as male parent．It is early-maturing，with a whole growth period is about 190 days．The plant type is compact，with a height of about 70 cm and a spread of approximately 72 cm，showing strong branching and fruit-setting ability．The fruits grow singly and upward，with a smooth surface and a conical shape．The average length is 4.87 cm， width is 2.64 cm，flesh thickness is 0.17 cm，single fruit weight is 11.64 g，and the per plant fruit number is 115.6．The ripe green fruit is green，and red ripe fruit is bright red．The fresh fruit vitamin C content is 1 360 mg · kg^-1，and capsaicin content is 122 mg · kg^-1．It has spicy fragrance and excellent market quality．In thefield，it shows stronger resistance to CMV，TMV，anthracnose，phytophthora blight，and bacterial wilt than the control‘Zunla No.1’．The fresh pepper yield is about 21 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring planting in regions such as Guizhou，Henan，Xinjiang，Liaoning，Inner Mongolia，Hebei，Chongqing，Hubei，and Gansu．

This study aimed to develop kompetitive allele specific PCR（KASP）markers suitable for genotyping and fingerprint map construction of watermelon germplasms，so as to enhance the protection of watermelon germplasm resources，variety identification，and genetic improvement．Based on the highquality single nucleotide polymorphism sites（SNPs）identified through the re-sequencing data analysis of watermelon，50 KASP markers were designed and employed for genotyping 43 watermelon accessions．Genetic diversity was assessed via cluster analysis and fingerprinting．The overall success rate of KASP marker design was 40.0%，with signifi cant variations across chromosomes．Notably，chromosomes 1 and 7 had the highest success rate of 75.0%．Sixteen optimal KASP markers were selected for genotyping the 43 watermelon accessions．Their genotyping results were used to establish standardized fi ngerprint maps，which were then encoded into two-dimensional codes．This allows for quick retrieval of genetic information and identifi cation of watermelon materials．Cluster analysis revealed that watermelon accessions from Citrullus amarus predominantly formed a distinct clade with close genetic relationship．In contrast，accessions from Citrullus mucosospermus and Citrullus lanatus were broadly distributed across multiple branches，indicating signifi cant genetic divergence and complexity．This research has successfully established and applied KASP technology for watermelon，off ering a new tool for watermelon genetic research and germplasm resource evaluation．It also provides a scientifi c basis for watermelon cultivar identifi cation and germplasm management．

In order to thoroughly investigate the characteristics and disparities in nutritional quality as
well as inorganic element accumulation between wild and artificial morel mushrooms sourced from Daozhen
and Shuicheng origins in Guizhou，this study meticulously analyzed the contents of five key nutritional
components，namely total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，and proteins，
along with 22 inorganic elements in both the caps and stalks of morel mushrooms from diverse origins of
wild and artificial varieties. Comprehensive assessments were carried out through correlation analysis，PCA （principal component analysis），and the evaluation of nutritional indices. The results indicated that significant
differences existed in the contents of total phenols，total flavonoids，total saponins，total polysaccharides，
and proteins between the wild and artificial morel mushrooms from the two origins. Notably，most nutritional
indexes demonstrated a trend where the values in the caps were higher than those in the stalks. Specifically，the
protein content in morel mushrooms was 2.13 to 5.78 times that of five common vegetables. Regarding inorganic
elements，the contents of Pb，Hg，Al，Cu，Fe，Zn，and Mn in wild morel mushrooms were higher than
those in artificial ones. In terms of the distribution within the mushroom，the contents of As，Hg，Se，Cu，
Zn，Mn，Sr，Ca，P，and K in the caps were higher than those in the stalks，while the situation was reversed
for Al．Moreover，the Na contents of morel mushrooms from both locations were substantially lower than
the national average，whereas the opposite was true for Se and K．The PCA analysis results and mineral
element nutritional quality index（INQ）values showed the same pattern across the two origins，with Daozhen
being higher than Shuicheng．In conclusion，both the stalks and caps of morel mushrooms can serve as highquality
protein sources. Given their potassium-rich and sodium-poor characteristics，they are suitable as dietary
supplements for hypertensive patients．

Abstract：‘Baolai No.3’is a new open-field type，white-fleshed and purple-round eggplant F1 hybrid，which is developed by crossing inbred line‘YB132-2013’as female parent and‘YB48-2013’as male parent ．It is of late-maturing，with first fruit at the 10th-11th nodes．The plant height is about 120 cm，and width is about 60 cm．The fruit is high-round in shape，with a dark purple pericarp，a shape index of 0.88，and a small，nearly punctiform navel．The single fruit weight is about 600 g．The flesh is white and firm，with a VC content of 13.7 mg·kg-1，a dry matter content of 5.3%，a soluble sugar content of 2.55% ．The plant is strong growth potential，and the resistance to Verticillium wilt is stronger than the control‘Baolai’．The harvest period is of long，and the yield is about 105 t · hm-2．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in North and Northwest China，where white-fleshed and purple-round eggplant is commonly grown．

In order to explore the application effect of strawberry special cultivation substrate（T1），we used traditional substrate（T2）and commercial substrate（T3）as controls to analyze the physical and chemical properties of different strawberry cultivation substrate formulations，study the effects of different cultivation substrates on the growth，quality and yield of strawberry in greenhouse，and conduct cost accounting at the same time. This results showed that the substrate bulk density，total porosity and gas-water ratio of each treatment were within the normal range of crops. In terms of growth and physiological indexes，the growth potential of strawberry plants treated with T3 was relatively strong，which was better than that of T1 and T2. There was no significant difference in the net photosynthetic rate of strawberry leaves under each treatment. The transpiration rate of leaves treated with T1 and T3 was significantly increased by 13.11% and 9.78%，respectively，compared with T2 treatment，and the difference was significant. The fruit sugar-acid ratio of T1 treatment was significantly increased by 72.75% and 68.36% compared with T2 and T3 treatment，and the difference was significant. The yield of T1 treatment was not significantly different from that of T2 and T3，but the yield of T3 treatment was 25.75% higher than that of T2. At the same time，it was calculated that
regardless of labor，transportation and other costs，the benefit per hectare of strawberry in T1 treatment was not significantly different from that in T2 treatment，which was 7.68% higher than that in T3 treatment. In summary，compared with T2 treatment，T1 treatment can improve the growth of strawberry and promote the improvement of fruit quality and yield to a certain extent，and reduce the use of non-renewable peat by 30 percentage points；compared with T3 treatment，the fruit quality of T1 treatment was better，and the price had certain advantages. In addition，the substrate of T1 treatment was not easy to decompose and break，and could be reused，with obvious economic and ecological benefits. 

Abstract：With the acceleration of industrialization，soil heavy metal pollution（such as Cd，Pb，Cu，and Zn）becomes increasingly serious. The problem of excessive heavy metals in global farmland soil affects 14%-17% of agricultural areas．As an important global economic crop，tomatoes are vulnerable to soil heavy metal pollution in terms of growth and quality，threatening the sustainable development of the tomato industry．Soil heavy metal stress inhibits tomato seed germination and seedling growth，resulting in photosynthetic damage and metabolic disorders．Tomatoes defend themselves by activating the antioxidant system and the regulation mechanism of mineral elements．This article systematically reviews the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms of tomatoes under soil heavy metal stress，and points out that current research has limitations such as unclear complex pollution mechanisms and insufficient molecular network analysis. In the future，it is necessary to combine multi-omics technology，CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing，and plant-microbial combined remediation strategies，in order to provide theoretical support for the safe production of tomatoes in areas contaminated by heavy metals and the sustainable development of the tomato industry．

‘Bilv 16 3’is a new broccoli F1 hybrid developed by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line‘CMS02’as female parent and inbred DH line‘06’as male parent．It is of mid-maturity，with taking about 75 days from transplanting to harvest．The plant grows vigorously，with dark-green leaves．The head ball is compact，nearly semi-dome in shape，with green and fine beads which don’t turn into violet even under low temperature．The single head weight is about 0.45 kg．Its VC content is 1 035 mg · kg-1 （FW），protein content is 3.38%，and the contents of mineral elements of Ca，K，Mg，Fe，Mn，Zn are 450.3 mg · kg-1 （FW），2 597.8 mg · kg-1 （FW），221.7 mg · kg-1 （FW），5.12 mg · kg-1 （FW），1.99 mg · kg-1 （FW），4.76 mg · kg-1 （FW），respectively．Its resistance to TuMV and black rot in fields are comparable to that of contrasts ‘Youxiu’and‘Naihanyouxiu’．The yield is about 19.5 t · hm-2 ．It is suitable for autumn cultivation in Beijing，Henan，Hebei，Jiangxi．

As a major component of vegetable waste，the resource utilisation of tailrace is of great significance in reducing environmental pollution，promoting resource recycling and achieving sustainable development．In this paper，we classify the ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste from two dimensions，namely，technology classification and product classification，and review the main ways of resource utilisation of vegetable waste，including directly return to the field，fertilisation，feed，energy，chemical raw material production，food processing and adsorbent preparation，and focuses on analysing the principle，current situation and application prospect of each technology path，in order to promote the resource utilisation of vegetable waste in the direction of systematisation and industrialisation，to provide references for building a circular economy model featuring harmonious symbiosis between agricultural production and the ecological environment，and to offer insights for achieving global sustainable development goals.

Abstract：Watermelon（Citrullus lanatus L.）is a widely cultivated popular horticultural crop for its juicy and nutritious fruits．However，the scarcity of salt-tolerant germplasm has limited the breeding of new salt-tolerant varieties．In this study，18 watermelon germplasm materials were systematically evaluated for salt tolerance differences under 150 mmol · L-1 NaCl-induced salt stress，and an efficient salt tolerance evaluation system was established．Results demonstrated that salt stress significantly inhibited seedling growth with notable variation in salt tolerance among materials．Salt tolerance coefficient analysis revealed that：① all materials except‘B105’and‘JX-3’showed plant height coefficients below 1.0；② The root length coefficients of‘B105’，‘CJ-1’ and‘W17’ is 1.80，1.67 and 1.82，respectively，indicating their strong salt tolerance；③‘W17’ displayed superior shoot fresh weight（0.66）and dry weight（1.00）coefficients，while‘M20’showed significantly lower values（0.54 and 0.90）．Through principal component analysis，membership function evaluation and cluster analysis，the materials were classified into three categories：salt-tolerant（‘B105’‘W17’‘CJ-1’‘14-1’and‘C48’），moderately salt-tolerant，and salt-sensitive （‘A19’‘C5’‘A11’‘M20’）．A predictive equation for salt tolerance evaluation was established via stepwise regression：Y = 0.175X₃ + 0.675X₄  - 0.138（R² = 0.908，X₃   and X₄ represent root length and shoot fresh weight，respectively），which indicated that the root length and shoot fresh weight were important indicators for salt tolerance identification in watermelon seedlings．In this study，an efficient salt tolerance identification system for watermelon was established，which provides a theoretical foundation for salt-tolerant germplasm identification and breeding，demonstrating significant application potential．

With the continuous improvement of residents’living standards and the ongoing optimization of dietary structures，consumer demands for cabbage quality have changed from outward appearance（regular head shape and vibrant green color）to diversified requirements for taste，nutrition and health．Against this backdrop，this paper focused on China’s cabbage industry toward high-quality demand during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’period．It analyzed the market demand characteristics of high-quality cabbage and prevalent misconceptions in consumer perception，and summarized the development achievements of the highquality cabbage industry from the aspects of germplasm resource identification and gene mining，new variety development，as well as technique innovations in product processing and quality detection．On this basis，the paper further explored the future development trends of the high-quality cabbage industry．Through the above analyses，this review intends to provide insights for China’s cabbage industry in adaptation to the trend of highquality consumption upgrading and achieving of high-quality development．

Tongliang district is one of the four major vegetable production and supply bases in Chongqing．The vegetable planting area is about 25 500 hm²，and the facility vegetable area is 3 667 hm²．The yield of vegetables in Tongliang is 0.833 7 million tons．Through conducting field research，listening to reports from vegetable owners，reviewing the relevant industry reports，and soliciting opinions from leaders in charge of agriculture in various towns and streets，as well as industry center promotion personnel，we have summarized the current situation of vegetable production in the whole district from the aspects of vegetable planting area，category，effi ciency，scale of operating entities，and technological innovation．Meanwhile，the problems of low product effi ciency，low production level，labor shortage，etc. in the development of the vegetable industry were analyzed．Finally，the specifi c suggestions for the development of the vegetable industry in the whole district in the next future were proposed from the aspects of vegetable variety，cultivation technology，and brand-building．

Bacterial soft rot in cucumber is a serious bacterial disease that is caused by Pectobacterium carotovora subspecies brasiliensis．This article mainly reviews recent research progress in the identififi cation of the pathogen，pathogenic mechanism，resistance identification methods，inheritance analysis of disease resistance，genetic mapping of disease resistance genes，and control methods of cucumber bacterial soft rot in cucumber．Meanwhile，the future research directions are prospected，aiming to provide references for disease resistant breeding of cucumber bacterial soft rot．

‘Yunchaotianjiao 157’is a new three-line hybrid pod pepper，bred with male sterile line‘（33B-1024）-4-3-1-1A’as female parent and restoring line‘04160002-6-1-1’as male parent．The plant has strong growth potential and branching ability，the average plant height is 76.0 cm，and first flower node is 10.8th node．The fruit exhibits a finger-like shape，classifying it as a medium-large pod pepper cultivar，with an average length of 10.20 cm，width of 1.27 cm，flesh thickness of 0.15 cm，and single fruit weight of 6.77 g．The commercial fruit color is fresh red，fruit hardness is high，fruit surface is smooth，gloss is good，spicy taste．The capsaicin content is 3 558.7 mg · kg^-1，and VC content is 1 704.3 mg · kg^-1．It is middle maturing，and a fresh pepper yield is about 22.5 t · hm^-2．Its resistance to viral disease and anthracnose are stronger than that of the contrast‘Yanhong’．It is suitable for spring and summer cultivation in Yunnan’s pod pepper production areas and similar climatic regions，as well as winter cultivation in hot areas such as Xishuangbanna．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

Abstract：Facility horticulture，as an important part of modern agriculture，has a key role in ensuring a stable supply of agricultural products，efficient use of resources，and promoting farmers’income．At present，although China’s facility horticulture has formed a large industrial scale，in its high-quality development is still facing multiple practical challenges：insufficient land security leads to prominent contradictions，and the polarization of facility performance triggered by the waste of production capacity；the key technology and equipment dependent on imports，seed‘bottlenecks’，low level of mechanization，the digital construction of a mere formality；market operation in planting planning is often blind，cost-benefit imbalance，poor production and marketing convergence；socialized service system is not sound，the aging of practitioners and other issues restricting industrial upgrading．In view of the above challenges，this paper puts forward a systematic countermeasures：in terms of land and facility construction，improve the differentiated land guarantee mechanism，promote the transformation of old facilities and the construction of appropriate mechanization standards；strengthen the synergy between government，industry，academia，research and application in the field of technology and equipment，break through the bottleneck of localization of seeds and intelligent equipment，and improve the policy of subsidies for agricultural machinery；optimize the planting guidance and income guarantee at the level of market mechanism，and build a digital production，marketing and circulation system；regarding the service system，cultivate diversified business subjects，strengthen the whole industrial chain socialized services，and promoting the internal and external attraction of talents．

Abstract：To clarify the growth-promoting and disease-control effects of a novel composite microbial agent‘ Zhongke 303’on potato in Inner Mongolia，this study systematically evaluated the agent and its six constituent biocontrol strains（Bacillus thuringiensis NMB1，B. amyloliquefaciens NMB3，B. megaterium NMB4，Acinetobacter oleivorans NMB17，Burkholderia pyrrocinia XXB-24，and Pseudomonas fluorescens pf27）for plant-growth promotion and control of five soil-borne potato diseases，using physiological assays， plate confrontation tests，pot experiments，and field trials．Growth-promotion tests demonstrated that all six biocontrol strains and the composite agent possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities and produce indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）．Strains NMB4，NMB17，XXB-24，pf27，and the composite agent also exhibited the ability to solubilize phosphorus and release potassium．Pot and field experiments further confirmed that these biocontrol bacteria significantly increased plant height，above-ground fresh weight，above-ground dry weight，and tuber weight．Plate confrontation assays revealed that the composite agent inhibited the pathogens responsible for Fusarium wilt，Verticillium wilt，black scurf，and common scab，with inhibition rates ranging from 11.09% to 33.04%，outperforming most individual strains．In pot experiments，the composite agent demonstrated control effects of 50.01%，58.73%，68.58%，and 75.25% against these four diseases，respectively．Field trials conducted at two test plots showed no significant difference in disease control between seed dressing alone and seed dressing combined with drip irrigation for common scab，black scurf，and powdery scab．Notably，seed dressing alone achieved better control outcomes．In summary，the composite microbial agent‘Zhongke 303’exerts significantly stronger growth-promoting and disease-suppressing effects than any single strain， offering reliable technical support for the sustainable and efficient management of soil-borne diseases in major potato-growing regions．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has vigorously promoted various tasks in the seed industry，marking a crucial stage for the high-quality development of pepper genetic breeding．Although research on pepper genetics and breeding was not independently funded as a separate project in the national key R & D programs，it has received support from multiple scientific and technological projects of relevant national authorities，including programs for precise germplasm identification，gene discovery，germplasm innovation，and rural revitalization．Driven by genomics and multi-omics technologies，substantial progress has been made in both the genetic mechanisms and breeding technologies of pepper，representing one of the fastest-developing phases in recent years．There has been a significant increase in fundamental theoretical research，as well as in the diversity and number of released varieties，accompanied by an elevated proportion of high-quality cultivars．This paper 14th Five-year Plan’period，and provides an outlook for development in‘The 15th Five-year Plan’．