01 September 2021, Volume 1 Issue 9

    

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  Research Progress on Pumpkin（Cucurbita spp.）Genetic Breeding During ‘The Thirteenth Five-year Plan’ in China

  LI Haizhen，TIAN Jiaxing，ZHANG Guoyu，ZHANG Fan，JIA Zhangcai

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 16-24.

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  During ‘The Thirteenth Five-year Plan’ period（2016-2020），genetic breeding of pumpkin （Cucurbita spp．）in China has achieved major breakthrough：basic research for application developed rapidly，molecular breeding technology was more commonly applied in pumpkin breeding，and a batch of excellent new pumpkin varieties with high quality and multiple resistances was cultivated．This paper systematically summarized the important progress obtained during 2016-2020 in pumpkin applied basic research，breeding technique research，germplasm innovation and new variety selective breeding，etc．The paper also discussed and analyzed the problems existed in pumpkin genetic breeding，etc. and looked forward to the development direction in future．
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  Research Progress on Genes Related to Phytophthora capsici in Pepper

  HE Wei，ZHANG Hui

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 25-32.

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  Phytophthora blight is the main disease threatening the production of pepper．This paper mainly elaborated the specific research progress made in excavating the related genes resistant to Phytophthora capsici in pepper，and pathogenic genes and effectors of Phytophthora capsici by techniques of gene mapping，gene identification and functional genomics，etc. aiming at providing theoretical references for studies on resistance mechanism of epidemic diseases and breeding for disease resistance in plant，etc．
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  Analysis of Seven Heavy Metal Elements Pollution in Soil of Bulk Open-air Vegetable Production Areas in China

  ZHONG Kecheng，WANG Qianyu，JIA Qiyuan，LI Jianmin，LUO Chunli，XU Kexin，HUANG Ting，LI Shuqing，ZOU Jianwen，CHEN Yahua

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 33-40.

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  This paper conducted Cd，Pb，Cr，Zn，Cu，Hg，As，etc. 7 heavy metal content pollution risk assessment of 133 soil samples collected from 41 experimental sites and 59 sampling points in bulk open-air vegetable production areas of China．The results showed that the soil average value of Cd content from all sample sites was 0.2 mg · kg^-1，among them soil sample Cd contents of 14 sampling points was higher than the risk screening value，accounting for 23.7% of the total sampling points．The sampling points with serious Cd pollution exceeding standard were mainly distributed in central China Changsha，southern China Nanning and southwestern China Pan Zhihua，etc．The highest value of soil Cd content exceed standard was 1.3 mg · kg^-1． Except one sampling site in Kunming Yunnan its soil Cu content and one sampling site in Haidian Beijing its soil Hg content were higher than risk screening value，the soil Cu and Hg and Pb，Cr，Zn，As contents in the rest sampling sites were all within safe limits．Cd pollution in bulk open-air vegetable production areas in China deserves special attention．
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  Evaluation on Resistance of Different Chinese Cabbage Varieties to Clubroot Pathogens Occurred in Different Regions

  MA Xiaochao，ZHANG Hui，ZHANG Shujiang，LI Fei，ZHANG Shifan，LI Guoliang，LIU Xitong，SUN Rifei

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 41-47.

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  In order to establish a rapid and stable technique for identifying Chinese cabbage resistance to clubroot at seedling stage，and explore the resistance performance of commercial Chinese cabbage varieties to clubroot pathogens from different sources，this experiment took the highly susceptible variety of Chinese cabbage‘Juxin’as test material，and clubroot pathogen from Beijing Shunyi as inoculation bacteria source，compared and optimized the inoculation conditions of injection inoculation method and root-dip inoculation method．Adopting the optimized root-dip inoculation method，this experiment also carried out artificial inoculated resistance identification on 15 Chinese cabbage varieties resistant to clubroot with clubroot pathogen from Henan Nanyang，Beijing Shunyi，and Chongqing Wulong as bacteria source．The results showed that when using the injection inoculation method，the injection volume over 2 mL had significant effect in comparison with injection volume of 1 mL，and when using the root-dip inoculation method，soaking root system over 5 min had the best inoculation effect．Different cabbage varieties showed inconsistent resistance performance to bacterial sources from 3 regions，among them‘CR Huimin’‘CR Limin’and‘Degao CR117’all had stronger resistance performance to clubroot pathogens from the 3 regions．While，‘CR Gaolengdi’‘CR Genbao’‘CR Jinbaili’‘Degao CR1138’‘Genwang’ ‘Wanqingkezhonghuang’showed vertical resistance．
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  Creation and Character Analysis of Dark Purple Chinese Cabbage-leaf Mustard B Addition Line

  ZHANG Deshuang，XIN Xiaoyun，ZHAO Hong，ZHANG Fenglan，YU Yangjun，ZHAO Xiuyun，YU Shuancang，WANG Weihong，SU Tongbing，LI Peirong，LU Guixiang

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 48-52.

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  In order to broaden the germplasm resources of purple Chinese cabbage，create parent material of dark purple Chinese cabbage，and study the genetic law of dark purple character，this experiment took the selfing and backcross descendant of dark purple leaf colors from F1 crossing the dark purple Chinese cabbage germplasm‘15NG28’with green Chinese cabbage as material；observed the chromosome numbers of dark purple Chinese cabbage；investigated the leaf colors of each progeny and separation ratio；crossed  dark pure Chinese cabbage with cytoplasmic male sterile CMS96 to transfer CMS lines．Results showed that 22 Chromosome numbers of dark purple Chinese cabbage material could be obtained from selfing 4th generation．After selfing，the dark purple character in leaf blades would not separate again，meaning homozygous dark purple material was obtained．It was speculated that its genotype was 20A + 2B，as monosomic alien addition lines of 20A genome subjoin 2B genome．Further research discovered that the inheritance of dark purple characteristic is dark purple Chinese cabbage was not in accordance with the classical Mendel law．It was mainly displayed the separation ratio of dark purple leaf color plant with green color plant from separation progeny was random occurrence．Only F₁ hybrid from crossing homozygous parents，progeny from selfing homozygous parents of dark purple color could show stable dark green color．
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  Effects of Associated Garlic on Continuous Cropping Tomato Root-knot Nematodes and Rhizosphere Micro-ecological Environment in Solar Greenhouse

  LIU Suhui，WEI Hui，SUN Miao，RONG Bing，XU Jinqiang

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 58-62.

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  Adopting the method of associating different garlic varieties with potted tomato cultivation，this paper studied the effects of associated garlic on the growth of continuous cropping tomato，root-knot nematode and rhizosphere micro-ecological environment．The results showed that compared with the contrast of planting single tomato，associating 3 garlic varieties could inhibit the growth of aboveground and underground tomato plants in varying degrees，and improve the control effect of tomato root-knot nematode，increase the number of rhizosphere soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity．Among these 3 varieties，‘Cangshanpuke’ had the strongest effect on improving the control effect of tomato root-knot nematode，increasing the number of rhizosphere soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity．
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  Effects of Potassium Phosphite on Potato Yield Increase and Disease Resistance 

  LI Baoyu，LIU Fuqiang，GUO Yanzhi

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 63-68.

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  This paper conducted comparative tests on yield increase and disease resistance effect by applying potassium phosphite（KPhi）and potassium dihydrogen phosphate（CK1）and urea control（CK2），potassium phosphite and the other fungicides on potatoes．The results showed that comparing with the treatment of applying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea control，KPhi could promote the growth and development of potato．Its growth period was prolonged by 2 d and 3 d，respectively．The plant height，stem diameter，single plant tuberization number and fresh root weight，etc．had increased significantly．The potato yield per 667 m² increased by 15.37% and 15.37%，respectively．By applying KPhi，the disease indexes of potato early blight and late blight decreased remarkably，and the rate of rotten potato storaged for 9 months was only 0.50%． To sum up, potassium phosphite had certain effects on increasing potato yield and strengthening its disease resistance．
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  Effects of Microorganism Agents and Amendment on Composting Process and Maturity of Vegetable Wastes

  ZHANG Hui，DUAN Yajun，WANG Xiaomin，NING Guohui，ZHANG Xiaoxue，LIU Meng，LIU Yuehan，YANG Zhixin

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 69-77.

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  Taking cucumber，tomato and watermelon vegetable wastes as main materials，bean dregs and weathered coal wastes as auxiliary materials，this paper carried out aerobic composting test through combination of different microorganism agents，their different supplemental amount and auxiliary materials；and studied the effects of different treatments on temperature，total organic carbon，total nutrients，C/N，pH，EC and seed germination index in the process of composting．The results showed that after 50 days of high temperature aerobic composting fermentation，each treatment basically reached maturity．In the process of vegetable waste composting，the treatment only adding microorganism agent without auxiliary materials heating up and cooling down was faster than that of the other treatments．It entered the high temperature stage one day earlier than the other treatments and the highest temperature was 67 ℃．However，the duration of high temperature period was shorter than that of the other treatments（9-16 days）．The degradation rate of organic carbon and C/N were significantly increased by adding 0.1% microorganism agent A and bean dregs and weathered coal wastes auxiliary material（C1）．Its EC value was always maintained within the safe level of 4 mS·cm^-1．The germination index increased most fastly with the lengthening of fermentation time，and could reach 103% at the end of composting，having no toxic effect on plant germination and showing a better ripening level than the other treatments．It was recommended as the process parameter for the composting of cucumber，tomato and watermelon mixed wastes．C4 treatment of adding 0.2% microorganism agent B and bean dregs and weathered coal wastes auxiliary materials had the highest nutrient content，reaching 10.79%．Its pH value was significantly lower than that of the other treatments，only 8.41，which had met the national standard for organic fertilizer decomposition．Therefore，it also could be an option for treatment process of composting mixed wastes of cucumber，tomato and watermelon．
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  Investigation on Water and Fertilizer Integrated Allocation and Application Status for Vegetables in Fujian Province

  ZHANG Qing，LI Fangliang，CAO Rongbin，KONG Qingbo

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 78-83.

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  Taking random sampling and field questionnaire forms，this paper carried out investigation and analysis in 2018 on 643 vegetable farmers from Fuzhou，Xiamen，Putian，Quanzhou，Zhangzhou，Longyan，Sanming，Nanping，Ningde 9 cities in Fujian Province about water-fertilizer integration allocation and current situation of application in vegetable production．The results showed that the main type of vegetable production in Fujian Province was open field cultivation，followed by small arch shed and simple greenhouse cultivation，accounting for 38.10%，33.12% and 24.88% of the total household number investigated，respectively．Vegetable farmers using water-fertilizer integration technology occupied 77.60% of the total household number investigated．The main water outlet mode of water-fertilizer integration was under film sprinkler irrigation，accounting for 42.08%，mainly applied to small arch shed and simple greenhouse．Fertilizer injection modes were mainly pump injection and pump suction，accounting for 34.87% and 29.86%，respectively．These modes were mainly applied to small arch shed，simple greenhouse and open fields．The water-fertilizer integration and filtration system were mainly manual operation，occupying 67.33% and 75.95%，respectively，generally with lower degree of automation．Under the condition of similar yield，the application of water-fertilizer integration could reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer about 17%，of phosphorus fertilizer about 9%，and of potassium fertilizer about 14%．Compared with conventional fertilization，the application of water-fertilizer integration could increase the yield by 21.99%-29.90%，and economic benefit by 32.12%-50.80%．
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  Fertilization Status of Facility Vegetable Business Entity and Investigation on Situation of Replacing Chemical Fertilizer by Organic Fertilizer—Based on an Empirical Analysis for Shunyi District of Beijing

  LI Yanmei，SUN Yanxin，ZOU Guoyuan，GAO Yan，ZHANG Zifei，ZHANG Jinlei，LIAO Shangqiang，XU Mao

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 84-90.

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  In order to efficiently promote the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers in facility vegetable cultivation in Shunyi District of Beijing，this paper from August 2018 to June 2019，investigated and studied the fertilization behaviors of 31 typical facility vegetable cooperatives in Shunyi District，and analyzed the technical model construction，achievements and development potential of replacing chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer in this district．The results indicated that the chemical fertilizer from the visited district area was mainly purchased from agricultural capital goods market．Fertilizer efficiency and brand were the main factors affecting purchase．Changing fertilizer brands was rather common．Fertilizer application mainly relied on experience．There was a general need for recommending fertilizer applying techonology for crops．The occurence frequency of technical problems in fertilizer application was 1-2 times per year．To solve those problems mainly relied on agricultural experts and fertilizer manufactures．The average cost for fertilizer applying technical service was 200 yuan per time．The total fertilizer application cost was about 21 690 yuan·hm^-2．Contradiction between high fertilizer applying cost and low crop output needed to be solved．The interviewee knew the basic knowledge of organic fertilizer，and understanded that the applying organic fertilizer was beneficial to soil and crops．But，fertilizer efficiency was not obvious，false publicity，high fertilizer applying intensity and slow responding time，etc. factors had limited the extension of organic fertilizer，which were mainly purchased from specialty shops and wholesalers．Guaranteeing organic fertilizer quality and providing free agricultural technology guidance could promote the use and extension of organic fertilizer．The application of organic fertilizer could improve soil and vegetable quality，protect vegetable growth．But there were also a few negative cases．At present，Shunyi District mainly popularized 4 types techniques of replacing chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer，including organic fertilizer + formula fertilizer，organic fertilizer + integration of water and fertilizer，vegetable waste-marsh and straw bioreactor． At the same time，the organic fertilizer operation mode relying on market，flexible and diversified forms for applying and extending organic fertilizer．stimulating measures were all adopted．Notable effects were achieved．Directing at the existing problems，in future time upgading organic fertilizer access criteria，strengthening sci-tech guidance and policy support would all-round advance the work of implementing chemical fertilizer replacement by organic fertilizer．
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  A New Tomato F₁ Hybrid — ‘Zuanhongmeili’

  OUYANG Xian，BAI Zhanbing，ZHANG Songbai，SHI Xiaobin，ZHENG Liming，ZHOU Xiaoxun，TAN Fangjun，ZHANG Zhanhong

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 91-93.

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   'Zuanhongmeili’ is a new early-middle maturity tomato F₁ hybrid bred by crossing inbred line ‘1201a’ as female parent and inbred line ‘AVT0219’ as male parent．It is unlimited growth type．The fruit is of near round shape．Its fruit is 7.2 cm in transverse diameter and 5.4 cm in vertical diameter．The matured fruit is red in color without green shoulder．The single fruit weight is 150-180 g．The contents of soluble solid matter，lycopene and VC are 5.4%，40.2 mg·kg^-1 and 305.0 mg·kg^-1，respectively．It is highly resisitant to TYLCV and bacterial wilt，resisitant to root-knot nematode and leaf mold．It is tolerant to low temperature．It can yield about 90 t·hm^-2．It is suitable for protected field cultivation in early spring，autumn and winter in southern China．
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  A New Pepper F₁ Hybrid — ‘Tianjiao No.23’

  HUO Jianping，HUO Jiantai，LI Pengkui，WANG Dexian，LU Jianping，LU Wensheng，BU Huhu，ZHAO Zhenxiang，GUO Heng

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 94-96.

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   'Tianjiao No.23’ is a new fresh and dry dual-purpose type pepper F₁ hybrid developed by crossing inbred line ‘15124’ as female parent and inbred line ‘15239’ as male parent．It is of early and medium maturity．It takes about 90 days from planting to red fruit ripening．The plant has moderate growth vigor．The first flower sets on the 10-13th nodes．Its fruit is of linear shape with sharp top and microfold peel．The fruit is about 25 cm in length，and 1.7 cm in width．The single fruit weight is about 20 g．The unripened fruit is green in color，and the ripened one is dark red in color．It tastes heavily spicy．The total contents of capsaicin and VC were 1.67 g·kg^-1 and 262.35 mg·kg^-1，respectively．It is moderately resistant to Phytophthora blight，CMV，TMV and anthracnose．It can yield about 45 t·hm^-2 fresh pepper and about 5.4 t·hm^-2 dry pepper．It is suitable for open field cultivation in Gansu，Xinjiang，and the other areas with similar climate conditions．
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  A New Oriental Melon F₁ Hybrid — ‘Gantian No.5’

  KONG Weiping，CHENG Hong，YUE Hongzhong，HOU Dong

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 97-99.

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   ‘Gantian No.5’ is a new mid-early maturity oriental melon F₁ hybrid developed by crossing inbred line ‘12C11’ as female parent and inbred line ‘12C28’ as male parent．The plant has strong growth vigor．Its whole growth period is 95-100 days and fruit development period is 33-35 days．Both the son vine and grandson vine can bear fruits．Each single plant can bear 3-4 fruits．The single fruit weight is 400-650 g． The fruit is oval shape．The fruit shape index is 1.2-1.4．Its fruit peel is white in color with yellowing after maturity．The fruit pulp is white in color with 2.2-2.5 cm thichness．Its pulp tastes is crisp．The center soluble solids matter content is 11.7%．In fields，its resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew is stronger than that of the contrast ‘Shengkaihua’．It can yield about 33 t·hm^-2．It is suitable for greenhouse planting in spring at central and eastern parts of Gansu Province and regions with similar ecological conditions．
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  A New Mini-fruit Watermelon F1 Hybrid — ‘Manchun’

  YU Yuhong，ZHAO Xiaolong，ZHANG Lin，ZHAO Jinhe，ZHAI Chao，DING Cong

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(9): 100-102.

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   ‘Manchun’ is a new early-maturing mini-fruit watermelon developed by crossing selfing line ‘S14’ as female parent and selfing line ‘S15’ as male parent．Its plant has strong growth vigor．The whole plant growth period is about 90 days and fruit developing period is about 28 days．The fruit is of round shape．The peel is green in color covered with dark green narrow strips．Its pulp is red in color with crisp texture．The central soluble solid matter content is about 11.7%．It is of good quality．Its peel is about 0.4 cm in thickness．The single fruit weight is about 2.0 kg．It can yield about 37.5 t·hm^-2．It is suitable for protected field cultivation in early spring in Henan area．