Radish is an important vegetable crop in China．The radish cultivars with rich anthocyanin have bright color and high nutritive value．There are many kinds of anthocyanin in radish and their heredity is complex．Although more progress has been made in its species identification and anthocyanin extraction，studies in gene function identification and expression regulation still lag far behind the model crops．This paper summarized the progress recently made in identification of anthocyanin species in radish，excavation of structural genes and transcription factors，finding of factors affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish，and extraction of anthocyanin from radish，hoping to provide references for correlational studies related to anthocyanin in radish．

Plant type can affect crop yield per unit area and its level of mechanized production．While，branching is one of the major plant type characteristics．The formation and development of branching are affected by many factors．In recent years，in-depth studies have been conducted on the molecular regulation mechanism of plant branching development．This paper reviewed the latest research progress made in the fields of environment related to plant branching development，plant hormones and gene regulation domain．At the same time，this paper also explored the application of plant branching correlational studies on vegetable breeding，aiming at providing theoretical basis for studies on regulation of vegetable crops branching．

It is of significant importance to study the nutrient requirements of main Chinese vegetables for establishing a new method of recommending vegetables fertilization．Adopting the method of combining information retrieval，field investigation，sampling，measuring；and according to QUEFTS model，this paper analyzed the relation between the yields of open field Chinese cabbage，radish，greenhouse tomato，open field scallion，and their nutrient uptakes；obtained the optimum nutrient uptake curve and estimated the best nutrient requirement amount for producing 1 unit of vegetable yield．Results showed that there were great variations in yield，nutrient uptake amount and nutrient internal efficiency（IE）of 4 kinds vegetables．For Chinese cabbage，the average yield was 84.3 t · hm^-2（n = 2 758），above ground N，P and K nutrient accumulation amounts were 176.4，33.6 and 208.4 kg · hm^-2，respectively; IE value were 539.32，2 901.6 and 458.23 kg ·kg^-1，respectively．The best N，P and K requirements quantities for producing 1 t of Chinese cabbage was 1.96 kg N，0.41 kg P and 2.39 kg K．The average fleshy root yield was 63.5 t · hm^-2（n = 2 288）．The N，P and K accumulation quantities were 155.4，30.9 and 217.9 kg · hm^-2，respectively．The IE value were 455.0，2 328.7 and 361.9 kg · kg^-1，respectively. The best N，P and K requirement quantities for producing 1 t of radish fleshy roots were 2.2 kg N，0.4 kg P and 2.6 kg K，respectively．The average facility tomato yield was 85.0 t ·hm^-2（n = 703）．The N，P and K accumulation amount were 213.5，55.1 and 352.1 kg · hm^-2，respectively．The IE value were 458.2，1 941.5，287.9 kg · kg^-1，respectively．The best N，P and K requirement quantities for producing 1 t of facility tomato fruits were 2.19 kg N，0.56 kg P，3.36 kg K，respectively．The average economic yield of scallion was 60.4 t · hm^-2（n = 976）．The N，P and K accumulation quantities were 128.8，18.9 and 117.7 kg · hm^-2，respectively．The IE value were 503.7，3 368.7 and 593.3 kg · kg^-1，respectively．The best N，P and K requirement quantities for producing 1 t of scallion were 1.92 kg N，0.28 kg P and 1.69 kg K，respectively．

The types of radish germplasm resources are multiple．It is difficult to determine its genetic relationship by phenotype evaluation．This experiment integrated the whole genome resequencing data of 4 radish accessions and the reduced genomic sequencing data of 520 radish accessions to carry out bioinformatics analysis；identified the structural variation at genome-scale of radish population；and developed 24 user-friendly molecular markers．Using the above markers，this experiment conducted genotyping on 255 accessions of radish germplasm resources，and constructed corresponding radish molecular identity cards．Clustering analysis revealed that 255 accessions radish germplasm resources could be divided into 4 categories at the correlation coefficient of 0.55．Based on the klenow fragment insertion/deletion development of molecular markers at genome level，the advantages of high versatility，low cost，convenient for detection would promote the purity identification of radish germplasm resources and molecular breeding．

Potato is an important grain-vegetable-forage crop．In China it is mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas．Drought severely affects potato production．Therefore，it is of great importance to screen drought-resistant germplasm and foster varieties with drought resistance and high-yielding potential．This study firstly evaluated the drought resistance of diploid populations containing 121 genotypes，and divided them into 5 categories according to the drought resistance coefficient．Among them，16 were extremely drought-resistant and 14 were highly drought-sensitive．One genotype was further selected from each category for further studies，namely conducting different water treatments，measuring plant height，photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence related indicators and yield，etc. and calculating each indicator’s correlation with yield and drought resistance coefficient．The results showed that under different water conditions，along with potato growth and development and aggravation of drought stress，the correlation of each indicator with yield and drought resistance coefficient was changed．Therefore，when screening high-yield droughtresistant materials，certain indicators need to be determined during a specific period．Under pot culture conditions，substrate relative water content was 35%-45%，the drought resistance coefficient of each genotype had the highest correlation with that in the fields．And there were maximum indicators having the significant relationship with the drought resistance coefficient under this water treatment．Plant height and Chl at budding stage and P_WUE and Tr at full blossom stage were significantly correlated with yield，which could be used preliminarily to determine the yield of each genotype．At full blossom stage，P_WUE and drought resistance coefficient was significantly positively correlated in the condition that substrate relative water content was 75%-85%，which could be used to distinguish the drought resistance of selected genotype．

Lettuce as one of the main varieties of leaf vegetables，its seedling quality plays an important role in promoting the yield and quality，mechanized transplanting and harvesting．This experiment took head lettuce‘Sheshou 101’as test material；on the basis of measuring 16 trait indexes，calculated the comprehensive evaluation index of seedlings by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method；preliminarily constructed the strong seedling index model by principal component analysis method；carried out correlation analysis on comprehensive evaluation index；and obtained a large correlation but stable lettuce strong seedling index．This experiment also conducted verification using 3 different types of lettuce varieties‘Sheshou 101’（head lettuce），‘Lyudie’（half head lettuce），and‘Bolicui’（loose leaf lettuce）．The results showed that the comprehensive evaluation index of lettuce seedlings was distributed on 0.215-0.958，which could be used as evaluation basis for precision of strong seedling index．24 strong seedling index models were constructed by principal component analysis method，and 8 models with greater correlation were verified．Among them，the correlation of model X15“leaf area × average root diameter × underground fresh mass × width-length ratio”was the largest（0.749）．The verified correlation of these 3 lettuce varieties all were the highest，proving that this model could be used for accurate evaluation of seedling quality．Correlations of the other 7 models were also significantly higher than those of the contrast，but model X19“above ground fresh mass × total length of root system × underground fresh mass × width-length ratio”index measurement was relatively easy，which could be used as an alternative model for production application．

Taking the supergene planting in directional trough pattern，this paper studied the effect of temperature of directional trough on Chinese yam tuber expansion and development by straw mulching measure．The results showed that the high temperature in directional trough during Chinese yam expansion period was mainly caused by the combined action of air temperature and sunshine．Straw mulching measure had reduced the daily average temperature，daily maximum temperature and daily range of temperature in the directional trough and tuber deformity rate，yet the yield was improved．Straw mulching measure had promoted the yam tuber expansion mainly through improving the accumulation rate of fresh and dry weights during the expansion accelerating period and rapid expansion period of yam tubers．Then，the yield of Chinese yam was increased．Furthermore，straw mulching measure had increased the contents of starch，saponin and polysaccharide in tubers，thus improved the quality of Chinese yam．

In order to clarify the taxonomic status of strain B4-8 having biocontrol effect on tomato damping-off，and explore its biocontrol mechanism and safety for human being，this study carried out identification on strain B4-8 based on morphological，physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis．The antifungal spectrum was determined by plate confrontation culture method，and its biocontrol effect on tomato damping-off was evaluated by pot experiment．The strain action mechanism was preliminarily analyzed by physiological，biochemical and molecular biological methods．The safety of strain B4-8 for plants and human being was determined by onion and lettuce leaf midrib infection models，and PCR amplification detecting gene BCESM（Burkholderia cepacia epidemic strain marker ）．The results showed that the antagonistic strain B4-8 was Burkholderia cepacia．This strain had stronger inhibitory activity on 6 pathogenic fungi，including Rhizoctonia solani，Fusarium oxysporum and Deightoniella torulosa，etc.．Its indoor control efficacy on tomato damping-off reached 71.43%．This strain could inhibit mycelial growth of tomato damping-off；had stronger ability of forming biofilm；could produce antimicrobial metabolites，including protease，chitinase and nitropyrrolidin，etc.．However，BCESM gene was not detected in strain B4-8 by PCR，and strain B4-8 was unable to cause pathogenicity of onion and lettuce leaf midrib，preliminarily indicating that it was safe for plants and human being，and had potential to control tomato damping-off．

Black spot disease is one of the important diseases for Chinese cabbage，often causing severe damage in field production．In order to identify the species of pathogen of black spot disease of Chinese cabbage grown in Liupanshui District of Guizhou Province，this study took 4 strains isolated from Chinese cabbage black spot disease samples in 4 cultivated sites of Liupanshui District by dilution coating method．Based on morphological characteristics and ITS，Alt-a1，tef-1 polygenic sequence analysis，4 strains were all identified as Alternaria brassicae．Results of biological characteristics study indicated that PDA was the optimal medium for this strain，and its optimal carbon sources were yeast extract power and peptone．Its optimal nitrogen source was glucose．The optimum temperature for mycelium growth and spore germination were 25 ℃．The best pH for mycelium growth was 7．The lethal temperature of spore was below 55 ℃ treating with 10 min．

‘Sujun 228’is a new early-maturing pakchoi F₁ Hybrid developed by crossing 2 selfincompatible lines‘08N2 xiaoliang-3s’and‘09JP50-2s’．It grows fast with beautiful plant type．It takes about 30 days from sowing to harvesting in summer and autumn．It is about 23 cm in plant height and about 25 cm in spread width．The leaves are light green in color with wide flat，good gloss petioles，but without wax powder．It is highly resistant to virus disease and downy mildew，resistant to soft rot．Its tolerance to hot and wet is stronger．It can yield about 60 t · hm^-2．It has wide adaptability all over the country for spring and autumn cultivation．

‘Guota 166’is a new mid-early pod pepper F₁ hybrid，developed by crossing cytoplasmic male sterile line‘16-Y300A’as female parent and inbred line‘16-Y304’as male parent．It belongs to the type of Guizhou bead pepper．The plant type is semi-erect．It has strong successive fruit-bearing ability．One single plant can bear 60-80 fruits．The fruit is of short conical shape with round top，about 3.8 cm in length and about 3.6 cm in width．Its flesh is about 0.3 cm in thickness．The single fruit weight is about 20 g．The ripe fruit is green in color and old ripe fruit is red in color．It tastes spicy and is easy dehydrated．It is suitable for dried processing．Its commodity rate is high．It is resistant to TMV．The VC content in its fruit is 963 mg · kg^-1．It can yield fresh pepper about 25.5 t · hm^-2 and dry pepper about 8.25 t · hm^-2．It is suitable to be cultivated in Guizhou Province and Henan Province for making dried pepper，salted and pickled pepper．

‘Yuqie No.7’is a new eggplant F₁ hybrid of late maturity，developed by crossing inbred line‘897-5’as female parent and inbred line‘896-1-1’as male parent．The first flower is setting on 13-14th nodes．It takes about 65 days from field planting to first harvesting．The plant has strong growth vigor．It is about 130 cm in plant height and about 70 cm in spread width．Its fruit is of long cylindrical shape，about 31 cm in length and about 7.3 cm in width．The average single fruit weight is 0.35 kg．Its peel is dark purple black in color，and white-green under fruit calyx．Its flesh is white-green and loose．It can yield about 60 t ·hm^-2．It is suitable for cultivation in open fields in spring in Chongqing and surrounding areas．

‘Liaojiaozhen 3’is a new resistant to Phytophthora blight pepper rootstock，developed by crossing CMS male sterile line‘A1142-3’as female parent and restorer line‘1231-5’obtained from backcrossing as male parent．The plant has strong growth vigor and well developed root system．Its fruit is of short horn shape．The fruit is 8.1-9.2 cm in length，and 2.7-3.2 cm in width．The single fruit weight is 27-35 g，and thousand seed weight is 5.8-6.2 g．The ripe fruit is green in color and old ripe fruit is red in color．Its pungency degree is moderate．It has good graft compatibility with pepper．The grafted seedlings have high survival rate，and stronger resistant to Phytophthora blight after grafting．It is suitable for protected field pepper grafting cultivation．

During‘The Thirteenth Five-year Plan’period，new radish variety breeding work has achieved rapid development．A number of excellent germplasm resouces have been collected，identified and created．A group of new varieties have been developed．At the same time，the applying basic research in China on radish breeding has achieved certain progress．A number of QTL or genes controlling important traits had been mapped，and important breeding technology systems had been established or further optimized．This paper reviewed the important research progress from the aspects of germplasm digging，identification，innovation，variety breeding and genetic improvement，breeding technology development，etc．The paper also prospected the radish breeding research during‘The Fourteenth Five-year Plan’．

Nitrogen is a key factor restricting the formation of potato yield and quality．Under the background of variety diversification，the blind unification of nitrogen fertilization have greatly limited the development of potato yield potential．Constructing a normalized nitrogen fertilizer recommendation schemes
among different varieties is the key for carrying out rational nitrogen fertilizer management．Different potato varieties have different nitrogen use efficiencies．This paper analyzed the reasons causing differences between varieties；discussed the normalized nitrogen nutrition management schemes between varieties and advantages and disadvantages，so as to provide a possible way for optimal management of potato nitrogen fertilizer．

This study simulated the growth conditions required by each stage of cabbage propagation，and shortened the time period required by each stage to the minium．Therefor，the aim of completing two breeding generations in one year was realized．Taking seed becoming seedling as a nodal point，one year was devided into 2 cycles：summer-autumn cycle and winter-spring cycle．The period of summer-autumn cycle was slightly longer than that of winter-spring cycle，due to vernalization and flowering．Cultivating method of exfoliating immature ovules could shorten time duration from pollination to seedling and the best time for exfoliating immature ovules was 45-50 days after pollination．Under the condition of 4-7 ℃ vernalization temperature，almost all cabbage varieties could be vernalized within 60 days，except for varieties with strong winterness．This method was only suitable for cabbage male sterility transfer．Basically，varieties without stronger winterness could breed two generations within one year．With SSR markers assisting selection，the backcross female parent for next generation could be accurately determined．

Taking pot cultivation method，this paper studied the effects of different additive proportion attapulgite on growth，antioxidant enzyme activity and cadmium enrichment of spinach under cadmium stress．The results showed that under moderate cadmium stress，the plant height，stem diameter，fresh
weight and dry weight of overground and underground parts of spinach all presented the changing tendency of increasing first then decreasing，but SOD activity，POD activity，and APX activity presented the changing tendency of decreasing first then increasing．While，the Cd²⁺ contents in aboveground and underground parts and enrichment coefficient of cadmium were gradually decreased，but there was no significant difference in the transport coefficient among each treatment．Among them，when additive amount of attapulgite in matrix was 15%，the Cd²⁺ contents in aboveground and underground parts of spinach plant were significantly reduced，the significantly reduced enrichment coefficient had alleviated the toxic effect of cadmium stress on spinach．Spinach plant height，stem diameter，fresh quality and dry quality of aboveground parts and fresh quality of underground part all reached the maximum value．

In order to clarify the pathogen species of pepper anthracnose in Nanxiong County，Shaoguan City，Guangdong Province and screen fungicides that can effectively inhibit the pathogen，this study isolated and purified the anthrax pathogen from the fruits of Chaotian pepper with suspected natural anthracnose sympton，collected from open fields of Hukou Town，Nanxiong County by tissue separation method，and the pathogen species were identified by microbial morphology combined with multi-gene phylogenetic tree analysis．Then，fungicides that could efficiently control this pathogen were screened by indoor toxicity test．The results showed that the pathogen of the isolated strain NX-1 was Colletotrichum scovillei．Among 12 fungicides，prochloraz and difenoconazole·propiconazole had the strongest inhibitory effect on the pathogen，with EC₅₀ values of 0.019 6 μg · mL^-1 and 0.282 8 μg · mL^-1，respectively．Imidazole fungicide prochloraz can be used as the first choice chemist for controlling pepper anthracnose in Nanxiong，or be used alternatively
with benzyl propiconazole．

In order to study Chinese chive's genetic diversity from the angle of floral phenotypic traits，this paper selected 56 accessions of germplasm resouces and conducted genetic diversity analysis and clustering analysis．The results indicated that the genetic diversity index of each Chinese chive qualitative character was 0.15-1.02．Among them，flower bud rib color had the largest gentetic diversity index；the second largest was anther color；and the smallest was inflorescence shape．The variable coefficient of each quantitative character of floral organ was 9.60%-31.56%．The genetic diversity index was 1.50-2.02，of which capsule amount per infructescence had the largest variable coefficient and genetic diversity index. The variable coefficients of the ratio of the petal length to the sepal length were minimum，and genetic diversity index of involucre length was minimum．The variable coefficients（14.61%）and diversity index（1.91）of the ratio of the sepal length to its width were all greater than the variable coefficients（12.04%）and diversity index（1.82）of the ratio of the petal length to its width，indicating that among Chinese chive germplasm resouces，sepal shape had higher richness and variation range than petal shape．Moreover，among all quantitative traits related to perianth，the variable coefficient and diversity index of the ratio of the sepal length to its width were all the highest．As you see，it is an important indicator for identifying Chinese chive germplasm resources．Conducting hierarchical clustering analysis by 10 qualitative traits of floral organ，the 56 tested accessions of Chinese chive germplasm resouces were divided into 4 categories．

Taking 2 low-temperature tolerant and 2 low-temperature sensitive Cucurbita moschata Duch. seedlings as test materials,this experiment conducted low-temperature stress treatment：with day and night 10 ℃/2 ℃（12 h/12 h）in an artificial climate chamber；took day and night 25 ℃/15 ℃（12 h/12 h）as a
normal temperature contrast；and studied the effects of low-temperature stress on physiological indexes and photosynthetic related indexes of Cucurbita moschata seedlings with different low temperature tolerance．The results indicated that when low-temperature stress sustained 10 days，the soluble sugar content in low-temperature tolerant germplasm resources was still obviousely higher than that in low-temperature sensitive germplasm resources．While，after low-temperature stress，there were no obviouse differences among soluble protein content in low-temperature tolerant germplasm resources and low-temperature sensitive germplasm resources．The low-temperature tolerant germplasm resources could better maintain the chlorophyll content in leaves，and
its net photosynthetic rate was signifigantly higher than that in low-temperature sensitive germplasm resources．Correlation analysis showed that Fv/Fm was significantly positively correlated with Fv/F0 and negatively correlated with stomatal conductance．The net photosynthetic rate，chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation．The above results indicated that the soluble sugar content，chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate could be used as reliable indexes to identify the lowtemperature tolerance of Cucurbita moschata germplasm resources under low temperature stress for 7 days．

In order to explore the control effect of soil fumigant on Chinese cabbage clubroot in open field production，‘Jiaobai No.1’was taken as test material to study the control effect of 98% dazomet micro granule combined with microbial soil remediation agent on Chinese cabbage clubroot and effect on soil properties．The results showed that 98% dazomet micro granule，20% calcium cyanamide granule combined with microbial soil remediation agent all had good disease control effects and growth promotion result．The morbidity and disease index at harvest stage both were significantly inferior to that of the contrast．The control effects were 73.26% and 74.42%，respectively．The net vegetable yields were significantly higher than that of contrast，43.41% and 59.51% higher than that of the contrast，respectively．There was no significant effect on soil microbial number，but has certain effect on soil physical and chemical properties，which has soil improvement effect．

QuEChERS method was adopted to conduct sample pretreatment．Through optimizing chromatography and mass spectrometric condition，a QuEChERS method combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS）was established to rapidly test the residues of 5 pesticides and their metabolites in cowpea samples．This method was used to detect 238 commercially available cowpea samples in Hainan Province from November 2020 to February 2021．The health risks of these pesticide residues were also evaluated．The results showed that the quantification limits of aldicarb and its metabolites was 0.010 mg · kg^-1．The quantification limits of the rest 4 pesticides and their metabolites was 0.005 mg · kg^-1．Two pesticides and one metabolite were detected from samples．Detection rate of cyromazine was 44.5%．That of carbendazim was 22.3%．That of melamine was 0.8%．Dietary intake risk assessment was conducted on these 2 detected pesticides．The result showed that the risk of acute dietary intake of pesticides was 0.375 8%-29.126 6%，and risk of chronic dietary intake of pesticides was 0.057 6%-0.131 4%．Their value-at-risk were far less than 100%，indicating their risks were within the accepted range．It means that probability of threatening dietary safety of consumer through pesticide residues intake from cowpea was lower．

‘Jiaoyang No.3’ is a new pod pepper F₁ hybrid，developed by crossing cell nucleus male sterile line ‘ZHB1’ as female parent and inbred line ‘ZHA1’ as male parent．Its growth period is about 180 days．The plant has strong growth vigor and is semi-erect，The plant is about 90 cm in height and divergence
is about 108 cm．The finger-shape fruit is about 9 cm in length，about 1.8 cm in width．The single fruit weight is about 8.2 g．It has successive fruit-bearing ability．The unripe fruit is green in color，and ripen fruit is red in color．It tastes moderate spicy．The capsaicin content is 200 mg · kg^-1，and VC content is 371 mg · kg^-1 of fresh pepper．It is resistant to anthrax scab，CMV and TMV；moderate resistant to phytophthora blight and bacterial wilt．It can yield about 22.5 t · hm^-2 fresh pepper and about 5.4 t · hm^-2 dried one．It is suitable for spring cultivation in Guizhou Province and areas with similar climate conditions．

‘Longke No.12’ is a new mid-late maturing watermelon of large-fruit type，developed by crossing selfing line ‘14KH12’ as female parent and selfing line ‘14KH01’ as male parent．The plant has strong growth vigor．Its whole growth period is about 103 days and fruit developing period is about 40 days．The fruit is of oval shape．Its peel is jade green in color covered with dark green middle racks，and about 1.0 cm in thickness．Its pulp is red in color with crisp texture．The central soluble solids content is about 12.6%，and edge soluble solids content is about 10%．The single fruit weight is about 6.0 kg．It is resistant to watermelon fusarium wilt．It can yield about 64.5 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for cultivation in open fields in Gansu Province or regions with similar climate conditions．

‘Langxian No.1’ is a new vegetable soybean variety bred through hybridization between ‘Taiwan 292’ as female parent and ‘Jidou 12’ as male parent．Its growth period is about 85.5 days．It has determinate podding habit．The plant is about 54.3 cm in height．There are about 12 nodes in its main stem，and 41.6 valid pods in each plant．The average single plant pod weight is 80.2 g．There are 2.1 seeds in each pod．The standard pod number per 500 g is 175.6．The seeded-pod is 5.5 cm in length and 1.3 cm in width．The standard pod rate is 83.9%．Its seed coat and hila is yellow in color．The 100 fresh pod weight is about 257.8 g and 100 fresh seed weight is about 71.5 g．The average fresh pod yield is about 10.2 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for summer sowing and plantation in central and southern regions of Hebei Province．

‘Shishu No.2’ is a new potato variety of good fresh eating quality，bred through systematic selective breeding by crossing potato varieties ‘Zaodabai’ and ‘Fevureta’．This variety is of early maturity．Its growth period is about 55 days．It has good tuberization ability．Each plant can produce 3-5 potatoes．Its tuber is of oval shape with light yellow peel and yellow flesh．The dry matter content is 21.79%，starch content is 15.5%，reducing sugar content is 0.55%，VC content is 204.5 mg · kg^-1，crude protein content is 21.5 mg · kg^-1．It is moderate resistant to PVX virus．It can yield about 37.5 t · hm^-2．This variety is
suitable for cultivation in the second cropping area of Hebei Province．