During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，systematic progress has been made in pumpkin genetic breeding in China．High-quality pumpkin genomes were assembled，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits were deeply dissected，and the pumpkin breeding technology system was refined．A batch of elite new pumpkin germplasms with good quality and multi-resistance was developed，and a series of distinctive new pumpkin varieties with diverse characteristics were successfully bred．This review systematically summarizes the major advances in applied basic research，breeding technology development，germplasm innovation，and new variety breeding of pumpkin in China during‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period．It also discusses the main problems currently existing in pumpkin genetic breeding in China and proposes future directions for development．

In response to the unsustainability of traditional agriculture，microbial inoculants have emerged as a core green technology for advancing the transformation of vegetable production．The types，mechanisms of action，and application progress of microbial inoculants in vegetable production were systematically elucidated．The comprehensive effects on improving quality and yield，enhancing stress resistance，and ameliorating the rhizosphere microecology in vegetables were analyzed．Nutrient utilization was directly enhanced through nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，and potassium release，while plant hormones were secreted to stimulate root development．Pest and disease control was effectively achieved through competition，antagonism，and the induction of resistance．In the future，at the level of inoculant development，it is necessary to utilize genomics，metabolomics，and high-throughput screening technologies to directionally select and breed superior microbial strains that possess efficient colonization capabilities，multiple growth-promoting functions，and biocontrol properties，tailored to the specific demands of different vegetable crops（such as fruit vegetables and leafy vegetables）and major soil-borne diseases（such as bacterial wilt and blight）．Furthermore，at the level of application strategies，priority should be given to researching the coupling effects between microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer sources，water-saving irrigation，and ecological regulation measures．This will help establish a precision application technology system based on soil-crop-microbe interactions，thereby enhancing the efficacy stability and ecological adaptability of microbial inoculants within organic and green agricultural systems.

Using cultivated tomato‘Taikonghongzuan’（Solanum lycopersicum）as the female parent and wild tomato‘LA1598’（Solanum pimpinellifolium）as the male parent，a BC2F1 introgression line（IL）population was constructed through hybridization and backcrossing．This study employed multivariate statistical methods to comprehensively evaluate 53 agronomic traits across 19 ILs within this population，aiming to identify novel germplasms with superior comprehensive characteristics as well as accessions exhibiting outstanding or specific traits. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 53 agronomic traits in the 19 ILs ranged from 0 to 94.87%，indicating rich genetic diversity．Correlation analysis demonstrated complex interrelationships among traits．Cluster analysis classified the 19 ILs into four clusters，with Cluster Ⅲ exhibiting outstanding comprehensive traits including large single-fruit weight，high firmness，high soluble solids content，and high yield；Principal component analysis achieved comprehensive ranking of the lines，providing theoretical foundation for preliminary application of the introgression lines；Screening of BC2F1population for specific traits yielded novel germplasms with outstanding characteristics in flower number per inflorescence（2 lines），fruit number per inflorescence（3 lines），firmness（5 lines），and flesh thickness（1 line），as well as specific characteristics in fruit stalk length（4 lines），ripening fruit color（4 lines），and number of ventricles（1 line）．This study supplies valuable germplasm resources for tomato breeding and the exploration of genes underlying elite traits．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

Seedling cultivation is the primary step in vegetable production．Technological innovation in seedling cultivation is a crucial component and an essential requirement for vegetable industry modernization．By using databases such as Wanfang Data，VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform，Science Direct，and SpringerLink，we searched the Sci-Tech literature related to vegetable seedling cultivation published by Chinese researchers from 2021 to 2025．The results show that research on vegetable seedling cultivation mainly focuses on application technology aspects such as seed treatment，regulation of growth and development，improvement of substrate properties，grafting healing and application effects，and grafting and transplanting equipment．However，the basic theoretical research on the molecular mechanisms of seedling growth and development is relatively weak．The development of a smart seedling system including environment and biological information perception，growth and development models，and intelligent equipment is urgently needed．

From the perspective of industrial cluster development，this paper sorts out the competitive advantages of the Dutch vegetable industry and provides a reference for the clustered development of China’s vegetable industry．By sorting out data and information such as the production scale，production and trading entities，and export scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，this paper explores their core competitive advantages．The results show that although the production scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters is small，they maintain a sound development trend．All links within the clusters cooperate closely with remarkable industrial benefits，and they have prominent advantages in vegetable seed industry development，production technological innovation，vegetable product quality，and entity collaboration efficiency．China should draw on the development experience of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，by establishing vegetable seed industry clusters，promoting production technological innovation，keeping pace with the domestic and foreign market demand trends，developing characteristic vegetable industries，and building high-value-added，highly competitive and sustainable vegetable industry clusters．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has vigorously promoted various tasks in the seed industry，marking a crucial stage for the high-quality development of pepper genetic breeding．Although research on pepper genetics and breeding was not independently funded as a separate project in the national key R & D programs，it has received support from multiple scientific and technological projects of relevant national authorities，including programs for precise germplasm identification，gene discovery，germplasm innovation，and rural revitalization．Driven by genomics and multi-omics technologies，substantial progress has been made in both the genetic mechanisms and breeding technologies of pepper，representing one of the fastest-developing phases in recent years．There has been a significant increase in fundamental theoretical research，as well as in the diversity and number of released varieties，accompanied by an elevated proportion of high-quality cultivars．This paper 14th Five-year Plan’period，and provides an outlook for development in‘The 15th Five-year Plan’．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，radish genetic breeding research in China focused on the goals of high quality，multi-resistance，and specialization，achieving significant progress． In terms of genomics，the construction of high-quality T2T genomes and pan-genome maps has facilitated the precise evaluation of germplasm resources．Regarding trait analysis，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits such as taproot enlargement，bolting and flowering，quality formation，and clubroot resistance have been deeply elucidated，and molecular markers for marker-assisted selection have been developed． In the field of breeding technology，technical systems including isolated microspore culture，gene editing，and distant hybridization have matured，resulting in the creation of a number of elite breeding materials．In variety breeding，a series of breakthrough new varieties that are resistant to clubroot，functional，and suitable for mechanized production have been successfully bred and promoted．This paper systematically reviews the research progress in radish breeding over the past five years，analyzes the bottleneck problems currently faced，and proposes future development strategies centered on precision smart breeding．

Abstract：This study employs field investigations and questionnaire surveys to systematically analyze the current development status and existing challenges of mechanization in China’s vegetable industry．While the mechanization rate of vegetable production in China has been steadily increasing，the overall level remains
relatively low，with significant disparities observed across regions，production stages，and vegetable categories．Core issues include a weak foundation in vegetable equipment manufacturing，low integration among agronomic practices，agricultural machinery，and facility structure，insufficient technological innovation capabilities，and a shortage of specialized professionals．The research identifies development demands and five major trends for mechanization in China’s vegetable industry，formulates strategic objectives for short-term，medium-term，and long-term horizons，establishes five guiding principles including demand orientation and four development pathways，and proposes specific strategic measures spanning planning formulation，technological breakthroughs，industrial chain development，and the establishment of standard demonstration systems．Additionally，eight targeted policy recommendations are put forward as well．The research results provide strategic support for promoting the full and whole-process mechanization of China’s vegetable industry and building a strong national vegetable industry．

Abstract：In 2025，China’s garlic market exhibited three prominent characteristics：garlic prices shifted from high to low on a year-on-year（YoY）basis，overall price levels remained elevated，and exports followed a trend of‘ increased volume，decreased price，and reduced total value’．For 2026，driven by high inventory levels and expanded planting areas，garlic prices are highly likely to be lower than those of 2025，provided that no sustained or large-scale natural disasters occur in major producing regions. Currently，China’s garlic industry faces significant challenges，including the frequent occurrence of natural disasters，substantial price volatility，and excessive concentration of export markets．It is recommended to enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of garlic farmers，strengthen the dissemination of market information，and optimize the structure of export markets to promote the high-quality development of the garlic industry．

Abstract：This review summarizes recent research advances in efficient haploid breeding for field corn and fresh corn．We focus on the development of haploid inducer lines，haploid identification，and chromosome doubling，and systematically elucidate the effects of induction lines，maternal genetic materials，ecological and climatic conditions，and pollination periods on haploid induction efficiency in fresh corn．The findings provide theoretical guidance and practical application references for haploid breeding in fresh corn.

Abstract：ProT is a type of amino acid transporter located on the plasma membrane，belonging to the AAAP family，responsible for the transport of amino acids from the apoplast to the cytosol．This experiment cloned and performed bioinformatics analysis and localization analysis on the protein encoded by SlProT1．The results showed that the SlProT1 encodes 441 amino acids，with a molecular weight of 48.54 Kda and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.34．It is a stable hydrophobic protein with a protein structure including alpha helices，random coils，and extended strands．Real time fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the SlProT1 is expressed in the root，stem，leaf，and flower tissues of tomatoes，with the highest expression level in the leaves，significantly higher than in the roots，stems，and flowers．Bioinformatics prediction shows that SlProT1 may be located on the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane，while subcellular localization of SlProT1-mCherry comfirmed that SlProT1 is located on the plasma

membrane．

Abstract：Purple flowering stalk（beetroot shoots）is an important overwintering vegetable in the  middle reaches of the Yangtze River and is widely favored for its rich nutritional value and crisp–sweet flavor．In this study，15 purple-flowering stalk varieties and one white-stalk variety were evaluated for their appearance，nutritional，and sensory qualities before and after frost．The results revealed substantial quality variation among varieties．Among them，the late-maturing varieties CT-14（‘Hongshancaitai-5’），CT-6 （‘Hongshancaitai-2’），and CT-1（‘Hongtai 1905’）exhibited superior overall performance and higher edible value，providing promising germplasm for breeding，cultivation，and product development．After exposure to low-temperature frost，significant changes were observed in appearance traits：shoot height decreased in nine varieties，stem thickness increased in six varieties，and both fresh and dry weights decreased in seven and six varieties，respectively．Regarding nutritional quality，soluble protein content increased significantly in 13 varieties，cellulose content decreased in all 15 varieties，and chlorophyll content increased in six varieties．For mineral elements，the levels of K，Ca，Na，and Mg increased in eight varieties，whereas Fe，Mn，and Cu decreased in six varieties，and Zn and S decreased in nine varieties．In addition，many key primary metabolites were altered，reflecting the physiological regulation and metabolic adaptability of purple flowering
stalk under extreme low-temperature conditions．Sensory evaluation showed that all 16 varieties received higher scores after frost．

Abstract：‘Nongjiao No.5’is a new mid-early maturity pepper F1 hybrid bred by crossing inbred line‘2014XL-11’as female parent and‘2014XL-63’as male parent．Its growth period is of about 150 days，and a first flowering node at the 7-8th node．The plant shows strong growth vigor，and loose plant type，with leaf is of lanceolate．The fruit is linear in shape，immature fruit is green，with shallow wrinkling and good glossiness，averaging 26.8 cm in length，1.8 cm in shoulder width，0.3 cm in flesh thickness，24.7 g in single fruit weight．Under open-field cultivation，the yield is about 39 t · hm-2．The ripe fruit is red， offering pungent and aromatic flavor，with good commercial quality．It is resistant to Phytophthora blight， moderately resistance to anthracnose and cucumber mosaic virus（CMV）．It is suitable for protected and open field cultivation in chili pepper planting areas in Xinjiang．

随着农业生产中人工成本日益增长，推进机械化作业已成为提升大白菜生产效益的必然趋势。河北省形成了一套大白菜全程机械化技术路线，实现了省种、省工、节肥、节水的目标，目前已在全省示范推广6 000 hm2。

With the continuous improvement of residents’living standards and the ongoing optimization of dietary structures，consumer demands for cabbage quality have changed from outward appearance（regular head shape and vibrant green color）to diversified requirements for taste，nutrition and health．Against this backdrop，this paper focused on China’s cabbage industry toward high-quality demand during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’period．It analyzed the market demand characteristics of high-quality cabbage and prevalent misconceptions in consumer perception，and summarized the development achievements of the highquality cabbage industry from the aspects of germplasm resource identification and gene mining，new variety development，as well as technique innovations in product processing and quality detection．On this basis，the paper further explored the future development trends of the high-quality cabbage industry．Through the above analyses，this review intends to provide insights for China’s cabbage industry in adaptation to the trend of highquality consumption upgrading and achieving of high-quality development．

During‘ The 14th Five-Year Plan’，important research progress has been made in eggplant genetics and breeding in China．The whole genome sequencing research of eggplant has reached the international advanced level．A number of key genes associated with the important agronomic traits were mapped and cloned，and the regulatory mechanisms were analyzed，as well as the molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection were developed．A number of excellent eggplant breeding materials have been selected and created，a lot of new eggplant varieties with different ecological types were cultivated to meet the needs of market consumption，and a great breakthrough has been achieved for the long season cultivation of eggplant varieties of northern facilities．This paper systematically summarized the great progress made during‘The 14th Five-Year Plan’（2021-2025 year）in the application of basic research，breeding technology research，germplasm innovation and new variety breeding of eggplant．The main problems are analyzed and the future research directions that warrant further investigation were outlined．

Developing new quality productivity is an inherent requirement and core focus for promoting high-quality agricultural development．As one of the important pillar industries of agriculture in Beijing，the vegetable industry has been promoted by the emergence of new varieties，technologies，equipment，models，and entities．Research shows that there are currently six mismatches in the vegetable industry chain，including production scale and new production methods，production space and new management methods，high application costs and low operating income，technological maturity and actual needs of production entities，
and labor capacity and demand for new quality productivity，which limit the promotion and application of new quality productivity in Beijing．In this regard，multiple measures are proposed to promote moderate scale production，increase efforts to overcome spatial limitations，provide policy support to reduce costs and improve efficiency，promote technological maturity through technological innovation，and strengthen the quality of
workers through collaborative efforts，in order to explore the path to achieving high-quality development of the vegetable industry in Beijing．

In order to develop more competitive cultivars，scientists have carried out research on intervarietal or intersubspecific hybridization in Brassica rapa，B. oleracea and many achivements have made．In this paper，the research progress of intervarietal or intersubspecies hybridization breeding were reviewed in B. rapa and B. oleracea．The genetic relationship between varieties or subspecies is very close，there is no problem of cross incompatibility，but the morphological difference is very large．The intervarietal/subspecific hybridization can create more abundant germplasm resources，and the new cultivars can be developed after comparative identification for years．The first cultivar developed from intervarietal cross and wide-scale application in production is Baicaitai（white flowering chinese cabbage）．The earliest cultivar of intervariety
hybrid in B. oleracea is broccolini．Broccolinis are very popular in the western countries and Japan，but not in China although it has been extended for nearly 20 years．Hybridization between other varieties are being done，such as B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis，B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea × B. rapa
L. ssp. pekinensis，B. oleracea L. var. capitata × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei，B. oleracea L. var. caulorapa × B. oleracea L. var. chinensis Lei and so on．A lot of elite germpasm has been developed such as male sterile
germplasm and materials resistant to clubroot and so on．

To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in broccoli，this study
employed mitochondrial SSR molecular markers to analyze genetic similarity and diversity among 24 advanced
inbred lines．The results showed that a total of 66 bands were amplified by 20 pairs of primers，of which 39
were polymorphic．The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.621 2 to 0.984 8，with a mean value
of 0.843 0．The closest genetic relationships were observed between QD06 and QD05，QD18 and QD16，
QD22 and QD21，the similarity coefficient were 0.984 8．In contrast，the most distant relationship was found
between QD01 and QD23，with a similarity coefficient of 0.621 2．Cluster analysis further confirmed that
QD05 and QD06，QD16 and QD18，and QD21 and QD22 shared the closest kinship，while QD14，QD23
formed separate clusters，indicating relatively distant relationships with other materials．The research results can provide a reference for the subsequent selection of hybrid parents in broccoli．

In view of the problems such as low germination rate，slow emergence，and resistance
degradation existing in the current main rootstocks（wild eggplants such as Solanum torvum）of eggplants．In
this study，9 wild eggplant hybrid progenies，previously developed by the Eggplant Research Group of the
Horticultural Institute，Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，were used as rootstock materials．The
cultivated eggplant variety‘ Yunqie No.9’ served as the scion．Meanwhile，two control groups were set up：
grafted seedlings of‘ Yunqie No.9’/Storvum Swartz and self-rooted seedlings of‘ Yunqie No.9’．Through
a comprehensive analysis of the grafting survival rate of the hybrid rootstock materials，the resistance to
verticillum wilt disease，and fruit yield and quality of the grafted plants was performed to screen superior
root stocks for subsequent production．The results showed that the graft survival rates of two hybrid rootstock materials，Z2（105 × 251） and Z5（192 × 143），were increased by 8.10% and 12.19% respectively，compared with Solanum torvum（Turkey berry）．The verticillium wilt disease index of their grafted seedlings
was reduced by 11.43 and 7.90 respectively，in contrast to those grafted onto Solanum torvum．The plant height of Z2 and Z5 grafted seedlings was 51.80 cm and 54.80 cm higher than that of the control，with their plant spread increased by 11.00 cm and 7.00 cm respectively．Meanwhile，the yields were improved by 2.96% and
4.57% separately．Neither of the two hybrid rootstocks exerted adverse effects on fruit quality．In conclusion，Z2 and Z5 exhibited superior comprehensive traits compared with the currently used rootstocks，and thus could be recommended as promising rootstock candidates for subsequent eggplant grafting．

Abstract：The epidemic outbreak of tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）has severely impacted
the safe production of important economic crops such as tomatoes and peppers in recent years．In this study，
specific RT-PCR combined with conventional Sanger sequencing was used to determine the full-length genomic
sequences of four ToBRFV isolates，followed by molecular characterization and genetic evolutionary analysis．
The phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genomic sequences of the ToBRFV isolates revealed that the four
sequenced isolates located in two distinct subclusters，indicating a probable trend of divergence．The readthrough
region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase（RdRP）encoded by ToBRFV and the gene encoding
the coat protein were highly conserved，while the genes encoding the 126 kDa replicase and the movement
protein contained sites with significant variation．These two high-mutation regions may be key areas for
ToBRFV to overcome host resistance and facilitate divergence．

In order to explore the effects of plant growth regulators on the growth and development of
welsh onion seedlings，the effects of different concentrations of chlorin iron，paclobutrazol and brassinolide
on the growth of welsh onion seedlings are studied by foliar spraying method with‘ Wuyeqi’ as the
experimental material．By analyzing the differences in the changes of seedling morphology，physiological
characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities，the response of seedlings to plant growth regulators is
comprehensively evaluated by membership function．The results showed that compared with the water control
（CK），spraying 0.08 mg · L-1 chlorin iron（E2）could significantly increase the plant height，pseudostem
diameter，root activity，soluble sugar and soluble protein content of welsh onion seedlings．0.04 mg · L-1
chlorin iron（E3）is the most beneficial to increase the root-shoot ratio，increased by 147.37% compared to
CK．The treatment of 0.10 g · L-1（D2）and 0.05 g · L-1（D3）paclobutrazol could significantly increase the
pseudostem diameter，root-shoot ratio，fresh weight，dry matter weight，strong seedling index，chlorophyll
content，soluble sugar and soluble protein content of seedlings．0.08 μmol · L-1 brassinolide（Y2）could
significantly increase the pseudostem diameter，chord root number，fresh weight，dry matter weight，strong
seedling index，chlorophyll content，soluble sugar content and soluble protein content of seedlings．The
three plant growth regulators enhanced the activity of protective enzymes and reduced the content of MDA in
leaves．The activities of POD and SOD of E2，E3，D2 and Y2 treatments were higher than CK，and the
content of MDA is lower than that CK．The comprehensive evaluation of membership function showed that
the score of 0.10 g · L-1 paclobutrazol treatment（D2）was the highest（0.848 3），in which soluble protein
and chlorophyll content contributed the most．In summary，spraying a certain concentration of plant growth
regulators can effectively improve the morphological and physiological traits of welsh onion seedlings．The
optimum application concentrations of chlorin iron，paclobutrazol and brassinolide were 0.08 mg · L-1，
0.10 g · L-1 and 0.08 μmol · L-1，respectively．The comprehensive evaluation showed that 0.10 g · L-1
paclobutrazol treatment is the best．

To explore the adaptability of seed-propagated strawberry varieties in Ningxia，the Japanese
seed-propagated strawberry varieties‘Chunri’and‘Hongying’were introduced，with the stolonpropagated
variety‘Hongyan’as the control．The results showed that the seedling propagation cycle
of‘Chunri’and‘Hongying’was shortened 60 days compared with‘Hongyan’through stolon propagation．
Under the conditions of autumn and winter greenhouse cultivation in Ningxia，the seed-propagated strawberry
varieties‘Chunri’and‘ Hongying’showed rapid acclimatization and vigorous growth after planting．The
plant uniformity index of both varieties reached over 90% at 45 days after planting，which was higher than
that of‘Hongyan’．The yields of‘Chunri’and‘ Hongying’were 19 622.6 t · hm-2 and 20 872.4 t · hm-2，
respectively，which were 3.26% and 9.84% higher than that of‘Hongyan’，but the differences were not
significant．The average fruit weight of‘ Chunri’and‘Hongying’（13.00-13.63 g）was significantly lower
than that of‘ Hongyan’（16.83 g）．There were no significant differences in sugar content，acidity，and total
amino acid content among the three varieties，and the fruit quality was not significantly different．Using the fuzzy mathematics membership function method for analysis，the comprehensive evaluation index ranking
was‘Hongying’（0.76）＞‘ Chunri’（0.57）＞‘Hongyan’（0.20）．The seed-propagated strawberry
varieties‘Chunri’and‘ Hongying’are suitable for autumn and winter greenhouse cultivation in Ningxia．The
research results provide technical references for the promotion and application of seed-propagated strawberry
varieties and the efficient production of strawberries．

During“The 14th Five-year Plan”period，genetic breeding research on broccoli in China

developed rapidly and achieved important research progress．A number of elite new broccoli cultivars and breeding resources were developed，and a breakthrough has been made in the haploid induction technology，restoration of male sterility and the alleviation of breeding bottlenecks in broccoli．The overall substitution rate of imported seeds increased to 39.2%，and applied basic research advanced rapidly．This paper systematically reviews China’s scientific achievements and research progress from 2021 to 2025 in terms of broccoli germplasm innovation，modern breeding technologies，and new cultivar development，and proposes the potential problems existing in the broccoli industry as well as future development trends．

In 2025，the vegetable market exhibited an atypical fluctuation pattern against the dual

backdrop of frequent meteorological disasters and a profound restructuring of the industrial structure．Overall，average wholesale prices remained at a relatively low level compared to the preceding three years．Intra-year fluctuations diverged from the traditional seasonal‘M-shaped’or‘W-shaped’patterns，manifesting instead as a significant deep‘U-shaped’trajectory．During the first half of the year，supported by steady expansion in the acreage under cultivation and relatively mild climatic conditions，prices adhered to seasonal decline trends and reached an annual nadir in May．In the second half，however，the successive impacts of extreme summer rainstorms and flooding，sustained high temperatures during‘dog days’，and unseasonal strong winter cold waves induced phased gaps in supply-chain connections．This led to abnormal price surges in November and December，which remained at historical highs．On the production side，facility agriculture—accelerated by policy-driven digital and intelligent transformation—has emerged as the core pillar for urban‘vegetable basket’stability，although rigid increases in labor and agricultural input costs persistently compressed profit margins．Regarding trade，China’s vegetable exports demonstrated significant resilience amid complex international economic games；despite pronounced fluctuations in specific markets due to tariff policies，the trade surplus remained robust．Looking ahead to 2026，influenced by the prolonged La Niña state and the consumption pulse driven by the Spring Festival holiday，prices are anticipated to maintain high-level volatility at the beginning of the year．

Potato is a globally important food crop，whose tubers are rich in starch with unique

functional properties．It not only provides essential energy for humans but is also widely used in the food，pharmaceutical，and chemical industries．The biosynthesis of tuber starch follows a multi-step regulatory mechanism，and its accumulation is influenced both by intrinsic genetic controls and external environmental factors．In response to industrial application demands，optimizing the efficiency of starch deposition in tubers is of great significance for improving the raw material quality standards of starch processing enterprises．This paper systematically reviews the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of starch in potato tubers，with a focus on the mechanism of mineral nutrient regulation in starch accumulation．It aims to provide important theoretical foundations and technical support for the screening of high-starch potato germplasm resources，molecular breeding，and innovations in cultivation techniques．

Downy mildew，caused by the oomycete Peronospora destructor（Berk.）Casp.，is the most destructive fungal disease of onion（Allium cepa L.），often resulting in severe yield losses in bulb and seed production．A comprehensive understanding of the current research advances on this pathosystem is essential for effective disease management．Here，we summarize the previous study to provide an up-to-date review that covers：（i）the economic impact and symptomatology of onion downy mildew；（ii）the infection cycle and epidemic patterns；（iii）advances in resistance breeding；（iv）transcriptomic and genomic resources for both host and pathogen；（v）forecasting and diagnostic tools for outbreak detection；and（vi）contemporary control strategies．We further analyze the main challenges in current research on onion downy mildew and outline prospects for future development．This review is intended to provides a roadmap for fundamental research and science-based，sustainable management of onion downy mildew．

As a globally significant economic crop，lettuce plays an important role in vegetable cultivation．However，abiotic stresses severely affect the growth and quality of lettuce，resulting in substantial economic losses．Breeding resistant varieties is one of the most effective approaches for lettuce to cope with abiotic stresses，and the identification of stress-resistance genes is a prerequisite for resistance breeding．Currently，the identification of resistance genes has become a research hotspot for improving the response of lettuce to abiotic stresses．This review summarizes the genes and their functions related to lettuce responses to heat，cold，drought，and heavy metal stresses，providing a reference for enhancing stress resistance research in lettuce．

This study investigated 21 horticultural traits of 117 pepper materials grown in Beijing，Pingliang，and Kekedala．Through multivariate statistical analysis，the phenotypic diversity and characteristics of pepper germplasm resources were analyzed．The coefficient of variation for the traits of the 117 pepper materials was wide，indicating rich phenotypic diversity．Correlation analysis revealed that the yield per plant in all three regions was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with single fruit weight，fruit flesh thickness，and fruit diameter．Principal component analysis（PCA）showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components in Beijing and Pingliang were 79.680% and 76.410%，respectively，while the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first four principal components in Kekedala was 73.900%，collectively explaining most of the original trait data．Cluster analysis of phenotypic traits divided the 117 pepper materials into three groups．Resistance identification was conducted against pepper Phytophthora blight and Pepper mild mottle virus（PMMoV）．Three materials（‘Hybelle’，‘Lingjiao HP-267’，and‘ Tianjiao No.1’）with resistance or moderate resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened out，along with one PMMoV-resistant material（‘Furila’）．Based on the phenotypic data of the
117 pepper materials from the three regions，this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation，analyzing the phenotypic traits and diversity of different germplasms．This provides fundamental theoretical guidance for the breeding of high-quality and disease-resistant pepper materials and serves as an important reference for the rational utilization and innovation of pepper germplasm．

Lateral branch development is a crucial agronomic trait that shapes the morphology of cucumber plants，directly influencing planting density，management efficiency，and overall yield．In this study，we constructed an F₂ genetic population from an infinite-growth inbred line‘1394’and a determinate-growth inbred line‘1395’to map and analyze the key regulatory genes involved in lateral branch growth．Our phenotypic assessments revealed that the determinate growth of cucumber lateral branches is controlled by a dominant gene pair．Initial mapping efforts identified a candidate gene for this trait within a 9.21 Mb region（16.67-25.88 Mb）on chromosome 6，utilizing bulked segregant analysis by sequencing（BSA-seq）．Through further fine-mapping with high-density molecular markers and the screening of recombinant individuals，we refined the mapped interval to a 290 kb genomic segment（23.24-23.53 Mb）．Bioinformatics analysis of wholegenome resequencing data identified three key candidate genes（CsaV3_6G040280，CsaV3_6G040440，and CsaV3_6G040540）located within this refined region．This study provides essential genetic evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cucumber lateral branch development and presents significant implications for the breeding of novel cucumber varieties tailored for high-density cultivation．

Abstract：Pugionium dolabratum is a kind of rare and endangered Cruciferous germplasm，exhibiting

multi-stress resistance such as drought and saline-alkali tolerance，with significant ecological and agricultural value．Imaging flow cytometry can distinguish nuclear signals from non-nucleus interference signals，resulting in higher accuracy．To investigate the genome sizes and their variation among different populations of P. dolabratum，this study employed imaging flow cytometry to analyze the nuclei from five P. dolabratum populations．The estimated genome sizes were 416-494 Mb，with a variation of 18.8%，indicating significant genetic differences among different populations．Four populations were surveyed using high-throughput sequencing，and the predicted genome sizes were 442-484 Mb．The results of the both methods were relatively similar（consistency 93%-97%，when heterozygosity ＜ 2%），confirming the reliability of imaging flow cytometry．For the genome heterozygosity exceeds 2%，the difference between the two methods reached 16%，indicating that it is necessary to use imaging flow cytometry to evaluate genome size in plants with high heterozygosity．The results provide technical support and data basis for genome sequencing，germplasm

protection on P. dolabratum．

Abstract：The growth-promoting effects of strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 were evaluated by germination box and pot experiments with carrot varieties‘ Zhongyu 1877’and‘Zhongyu 1749’，and the growth-promoting functions of the two strains were preliminarily analyzed．The results of germination box test showed that strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 could significantly improve the germination index of two carrot varieties．In contrast to the control，the germination rate increased by 9.00 pp to 26.00 pp，the germination potential increased by 9.25 pp to 24.25 pp，the germination index increased by 21.08% to 51.45%，and the vigor index increased by 20.77% to 96.11%．The results of pot experiment showed that the germination rate increased by 9.75 pp to 22.25 pp，the germination potential increased by 8.00 pp to 19.50 pp，the germination index increased by 13.27% to 34.82%，and the vigor index increased by 43.32% to 95.12%．At the seedling stage，the root length of‘Zhongyu 1877’increased by 78.88% after inoculation with SZJ-10，and the root length of‘Zhongyu 1749’increased by 43.96% after inoculation with SZJ-11．In the peak period of leaf growth，the root-shoot ratio，root activity and leaf length of‘Zhongyu 1877’inoculated with SZJ-10 increased by 48.48%，92.82% and 50.53%，respectively．The root-shoot ratio，root activity and leaf length of‘Zhongyu 1749’inoculated with SZJ-11 increased by 31.43%，49.98% and 33.33%，respectively．In the early stage of fleshy root expansion，the root length，root-shoot ratio and net photosynthetic rate of‘Zhongyu 1877’inoculated with SZJ-10 increased by 30.93%，23.48% and 63.40%，respectively．The root length，root-shoot ratio and netphotosynthetic rate of‘Zhongyu 1749’inoculated with SZJ-11 increased by 22.55%，17.12% and 33.10%，respectively．Functional analysis revealed that the two strains had the ability to secrete indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）and gibberellin（GA），and had the activities of iron，nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，potassium solubilization and ACC deaminase．It can be seen that strains SZJ-10 and SZJ-11 have good growth-promoting effects on carrots and are expected to be popularized and applied in the process of carrot planting．

Abstract：‘Hongguan No.4’is a new fresh-and-processing pepper F1 hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘PX-40-1-1-3-4’as female parent and inbred line‘PX-49-1-4-4-1-3’as male parent．It exhibits a compact plant type，with average height of 61.9 cm and spread of 51.7 cm．It is medium-maturing，with the initial flower appearing at the 14th node．The fruit is linear and straight，with a smooth surface and good gloss．Immature fruit is green，and commercial fruit is red．The average fruit length is 18.9 cm，diameter is 1.5 cm，flesh thickness is 0.18 cm，and single fruit weight is 21.7 g．The VC content is 430.5 mg · kg^-1， capsaicin content is 0.51 g · kg^-1，and spicy flavor is strong．It is moderately resistance to cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），anthracnose，and phytophthora blight．The yield of fresh red peppers is about 30 t · hm^-2．It can be made into pepper sauce，pickled pepper，and fresh consumption．It is suitable for open-field cultivation in the hilly regions of Sichuan Province and in processing pepper ecological zones in southern China．

Abstract：‘ Fendudu 0835’is a new cherry tomato F1 hybrid developed by crossing inbred line ‘CHT08’as female parent and‘CHT35’as male parent．It is of infinite growth type，and medium-late maturity．It is also suitable for easy and simplified cultivation．The mature fruit is of round shape，with pink in color，and it has dark green fruit shoulders during the immature stage of fruit．The single fruit weight is about 23 g．The flesh is crisp and juicy，with a bursting texture and sweet to sour flavor．It is resistant to cracking．It is resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCV），tobacco mosaic virus（TMV），cucumber mosaic virus（CMV），Fusarium wilt，rot-knot nematodes，and moderately resistant to tomato spotted wilt virus（TSWV），tomato gray leaf spot．The yield is about 63 t · hm-2，and it is suitable for planting in the autumn and winter seasons in Fujian Province．

近年来，随着预制菜产业发展，荠菜凭借独特风味与保健价值，产业发展迅速，市场潜力巨大。荠菜轻简化栽培技术在施肥、耕整地、播种、植保、采收等主要生产环节实现了机械化作业，有效解决了荠菜生产用工量大、生产效率低的难题，有助于实现标准化和规模化种植。

With consumption upgrading，the tomato consumption market is showing a diversified trend，and consumers’demand for high-quality tomatoes is becoming increasingly prominent．To gain insights into the pattern of China’s tomato industry amidst evolving market demands，this study conducted interviews with representatives from large domestic agricultural product wholesale markets，tomato breeding experts，and enterprises，and provided an analysis of the current status and development of China’s tomato industry．Currently，China’s tomato cultivation area continues to expand，with advantageous production regions developing rapidly. The varieties of tomatoes and cultivation methods are becoming increasingly diverse，and the market share of domestically bred varieties is gradually increasing．Molecular breeding and gene editing technologies are driving improvements in tomato breeding efficiency and the creation of disease-resistant germplasm．Moreover，the operation model of the entire tomato industry chain is emerging，and there is an urgent need to establish a tomato quality standard system to promote premium pricing for high-quality products，thereby meeting the market’s diversified and high-quality demands．

Abstract：To explore the variations in the expression patterns of genes associated with parthenocarpy in

eggplant，transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyze the parthenocarpic inbred line‘T-2’and the non-parthenocarpic inbred line‘T-11’．The findings revealed 708 significantly differentially expressed genes between the parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic inbred lines，encompassing 439 up-regulated genes and 269 down-regulated genes．GO enrichment analysis indicated that among the three major functional categories（biological process，cellular component，and molecular function），the up-regulated genes were primarily enriched in 8 pathways．Further KEGG enrichment analysis identified 6 365 genes，with 141 of them being significantly differentially expressed，and 84 gene pathways were annotated．qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that in the inbred line‘T-2’，the expression peaks of 16 genes mostly occurred at 3 days post-flowering，whereas thepeak times in the inbred line‘T-11’were more dispersed．Comprehensive analysis suggested that these genes may play a crucial role in the hormone signal transduction process during eggplant parthenocarpy．

In order to screen the suitable reference genes for the analysis of the relative expression level of anthocyanidin synthesis genes in different varieties and tissues of chili fruits，eight candidate internal reference
genes，namely，GAPDH，Actin，β-TUB，PP2A，UBQ2，DNA-J，ATPS，and ACBP，were selected for the analysis of the expression profiles of these targeted genes．They were examined in three fruit tissues（placenta，flesh，and seeds）from six pepper varieties，with three distinct fruit colors（yellow，red and green）using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qRT-PCR）．The expression stability of the candidate internal reference genes was assessed using GeNorm，NormFinder，BestKeeper and RefFinder software．The results showed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase（GAPDH）was the most suitable reference gene and ATP synthase（ATPS）was the least suitable reference gene in fruits of different varieties of Capsicum annuum．Using GAPDH as the reference gene，qRT-PCR analysis of key gnenes（chalcone synthase，CHS and chalcone isomerase，CHI）in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in different fruit tissues revealed significant expression variations among three pepper varieties with three different fruit colors，with expression trends consistent with transcriptome data．In contrast，using ATPS as the reference gene，the expression patterns of CHS and CHI deviated from the transcriptome data．The results showed that GAPDH was a stable gene in different fruit tissues of different varieties of chili peppers，and this study provides a valuable reference for the functional analysis of anthocyanidin synthesis-related genes and their regulatory mechanism in different fruit tissues across different varieties of chili peppers．