Based on surveys in major production areas, this paper summarizes the main modes and characteristics of current vegetable circulation. Using tracking survey data from 2023, it calculates the price formation mechanisms and profit distribution across different stages under various circulation modes. Taking the example of tomatoes from Shouguang, Shandong, the study identifies the primary circulation modes for vegetables in China today, including: broker agency mode, production area wholesale market mode, farmsupermarket direct connection mode, and e-commerce retail mode. The analysis of tracking surveys indicates: First, vegetable circulation is still dominated by the traditional wholesale and retail model, with the farmersupermarket direct supply model and the e-commerce model playing a supplementary role. Second, the modern short-chain circulation model has effectively addressed the pain point of too many circulation links under the traditional model, but it also faces problems such as high entry barriers and poor product quality. Third, on the whole, farmers are in a weak position in the circulation chain, while terminal retailers obtain the largest share of profits in the entire circulation chain. In recent years, the achievements of the modernization of fresh agricultural product circulation in China have mainly been reflected in the two-way efforts at the ‘first mile’ and the ‘last mile’, with the overall circulation efficiency improved significantly. Based on the research conclusions, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed to further improve the quality and efficiency of vegetable
agricultural product circulation in China.

Bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum severely restricts the development
of tomato cultivation. In this study, a bacterial strain ZF528 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy
tomatoes in Wuqing District, Tianjin. Plate confrontation assays and live potted plant experiments showed that
this strain has a significant inhibitory effect on the tomato bacterial wilt pathogen, Through morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as multi-gene (16S rDNA, gyrA, and gyrB) phylogenetic
tree analysis, strain ZF528 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. In addition, strain ZF528 exhibited significant
antagonistic effects against various plant pathogenic fungi. Biocontrol trait tests indicated that ZF528 can
produce protease, has the ability to solubilize potassium and organic phosphorus, and contains synthesis genes
for multiple antibacterial lipopeptides such as Surfactin, Fengycin, Bacilysin, Macrolactin, Difficidin, and
Bacillaene. In potted plant trials, this strain achieved a control efficacy of 62.01% against tomato bacterial wilt,
significantly outperforming the control agent 20% thiazole zinc suspension. In summary, Bacillus subtilis ZF528
demonstrates strong potential for biological control and has promising applications in the green management of
tomato bacterial wilt.

 Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a newly identified member of the genus Tobamovirus, has recently emerged as a significant threat to tomato production. In this study, symptomatic fruit samples exhibiting typical shrinkage were collected from Shijiazhuang City (Hebei Province), Changping District (Beijing), and Shouguang City (Shandong Province). Full-length genomes of the viral isolates, designated ToBRFV-HB, ToBRFV-BJ, and ToBRFV-SD, were cloned and sequenced. Representative ToBRFV genome sequences from domestic and international sources were retrieved from the NCBI database for phylogenetic analysis and sequence identity comparison.The results showed that the full-length sequences of the three isolates each comprised 6 392 bp, with nucleotide identities ranging from 99.8% to 99.9%. Genome sequence alignment revealed 14 nucleotide variations, resulting in three amino acid changes at position 484 in
the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), position 156 in the replication protein (RP), and position 6 in the
coat protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three isolates shared close relationships with Asian
isolates from Palestine, Turkey, and Israel. Sequence consistency analysis demonstrated that ToBRFV isolates
worldwide are evolutionarily conserved and belong to a lineage originating in the Middle East. Genetic diversity
analysis revealed that European ToBRFV populations exhibit the highest genetic diversity, and all populations are
predominantly under purifying selection.This study accurately identifies the characteristics and taxonomic status
of the ToBRFV-HB, ToBRFV-BJ, and ToBRFV-SD isolates, providing a scientific basis for understanding the
epidemiology and control of ToBRFV in China.

Starch synthase (SS) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of starch, significantly
influencing the economic traits of many crops, such as cereals, fruits and vegetables. Based on wholegenome
data, this study used bioinformatics identify the starch synthase gene family members in Cucurbita
maxima (CmaSS), and analyzed their gene structure, protein characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and
spatiotemporal expression patterns. The results indicated that a total of seven CmaSS gene family members
were identified, unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. Each member contains 8 to 20 exons, encoding
proteins ranging from 616 to 1 144 amino acids, molecular weights of 67 333.37-129 228.45 Da, and isoelectric
points of 5.15-6.45, all being acidic hydrophilic proteins. Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis across multiple
species, the CmaSS gene family can be divided into four subfamilies: CmaGBSS, CmaSSⅢ, and CmaSSⅣ. Each
subfamily contains two members, while CmaSSⅡ has one member, but the CmaSSⅠ subfamily is absent. Analysis
of cis-acting elements in the promoters revealed that all members of the CmaSS gene family possess elements
responsive to light and hormones. Transcriptome expression analysis showed that during the fruiting stage,
members of the CmaSS gene family exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression patterns. Among them,
CmaGBSS had the highest expression level in stems, while CmaSSⅡ and CmaSSⅣ had the highest expression
in leaves, and CmaSSⅢ was most highly expressed in fruits, while very low expression of all CmaSS genes
in roots. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of CmaSS gene expression across different cultivars
revealed that, during fruit development, the expression of CmaSS genes followed a pattern of initial upregulation
followed by downregulation. Moreover, the expression peaks of individual CmaSS family members were
distributed across distinct fruit developmental stages, among which the CmaGBSSⅠ gene was found to play a
critical role in starch accumulation during fruit development in Cucurbita maxima.

To promote the exploration and industrial utilization of high-quality gene resources in purple
flowering stalk, eight morphological traits (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, petiole width,
stem length, stem diameter, and single stem weight) and eight nutritional quality traits (moisture content, soluble
sugar content, soluble protein content, vitamin C content, crude fiber content, calcium content, iron content, and
zinc content) were measured, analyzed, and comprehensively evaluated across 46 purple flowering stalks. The
results showed that the coefficient of variation for the 16 agronomic traits ranged from 0.75% to 48.54%, with
vitamin C content exhibiting the highest variation. The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.87 to 2.04, with
plant height and single stem weight having the highest values at 2.04 each. Broad-sense heritability ranged
from 69.22% to 99.82%, with 11 traits exceeding 90%. Correlation analysis revealed 19 trait pairs showing
highly significant relationships, among which the strongest positive correlation was between leaf length and
plant height (r = 0.86), while the strongest negative correlation was between stem length and petiole width
(r = -0.52). Cluster analysis grouped the 46 accessions into three clusters: cluster Ⅰ characterized by high
vitamin C content; cluster Ⅱ distinguished by superior plant height and single stem weight; and cluster Ⅲ
featured high levels of soluble protein and soluble sugar. Principal component analysis grouped the 16 traits
into growth factors, yield components, and quality factors. Based on comprehensive evaluation, accessions such
as ‘Z28’‘Hongshanyucai’‘MF18’ were identified as excellent multi-trait performers, while ‘Z1’ stood out as a
unique accession. These findings provide theoretical support for the efficient utilization of purple flowering stalk
germplasm and the breeding of new specialty varieties.

The biocontrol agent LB-1 is a strain of Chaetomium subaffine. Previous studies have found
that its extracellular culture filtrate exhibits significant inhibitory effects against several plant pathogenic
fungi. In this study, using Botrytis cinerea Pers. as the target pathogen, a single-factor experimental design was
employed to screen and optimize the culture medium and fermentation conditions for preparing of the highly
antifungal fermentation filtrate of strain LB-1. Based on these optimized conditions, the inhibitory effect of the
strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate on B. cinerea were investigated through in vitro antifungal assay, microscopic
observation, potted seedling inoculation experiment, and the plant growth parameters and defense-related
enzyme activities in the tomato plants were determined. The results showed that a highly antifungal fermentation
filtrate of the strain LB-1 can be obtained by inoculation of the strain LB-1 into beef extract peptone broth
at an inoculation amount of 0.5 g · L-1 of mycelia and cultivated at 25 ℃, pH 6.5-7.5, and 130 r · min-1
for 10 d. Strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate demonstrated an inhibitory rate of 72.53% on colony extension of
B. cinerea and caused hyphal swelling and impaired cell structure of the pathogen; a control efficacy of 57.41%
on tomato grey mould was achieved by foliar spraying of the strain the strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate on
potted tomato seedlings. Furthermore, foliar spraying of the strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate has improved
the growth parameters of plant height, leaf number per plant, stem width, root length, fresh weight, and dry
weight, enhanced the activities of defense-related enzymes of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide
dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) of the potted tomato plants. In conclusion, a highly
antifungal fermentation filtrate of strain LB-1 can be obtained by inoculation and cultivation it in beef extract
peptone culture under optimal fermentation conditions. Strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate exerts strong inhibitory
and mycolytic effect on B. cinerea, promotes the plant growth, and induces disease resistance of tomato
plants. Therefore, strain LB-1 fermentation filtrate is potential for research and application in managing tomato
grey mould.

The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (Lhc) are a class of key membrane
proteins in photosynthesis responsible for capturing and transferring light energy to photosynthetic reaction
centers, thereby playing a pivotal role in determining photosynthetic efficiency in crops. This study aims to
investigate the characteristics and functions of the Lhc gene family in garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). We identified the Lhc gene family via bioinformatics analysis of the garden asparagus genome database and
characterized their expression properties using transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that 19 Lhc genes
were identified based on garden asparagus reference sequences. With the exception of two genes (Lhcb1.7 and
Lhcb4)，the remaining 17 genes were mapped to eight chromosomes (Chr1-Chr8). The number of encoded
amino acids ranged from 149 to 295, the molecular weight was 16.17-31.69 kDa, the isoelectric point was 4.54-
8.61, the instability coefficient was 8.33-47.95, and the aliphatic index was 76.03-105.46, suggesting that these
proteins have high thermal stability. All Lhc genes were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts. These Lhc
genes were classified into three phylogenetic subfamilies, members within each subfamily sharing similar gene
structures and conserved motifs. The promoter regions of the garden asparagus Lhc genes contained numerous
cis-acting elements related to hormones, stress responses, and growth, with light-responsive elements being the
most abundant. These findings suggest that the Lhc genes may be involved in the photoregulation and stress
response processes of garden asparagus. Transcriptome sequencing analysis indicated that Lhc genes exhibited
the highest expression levels in leaves. Moreover, the expression patterns of various garden asparagus materials
differed under drought stress. In the drought-tolerant accession, most Lhc genes were down-regulated with
substantial fold changes. Collectively, the Lhc genes are extensively involved in the growth and development
of garden asparagus and play a significant role in drought stress response. This study provides a foundation for
future functional characterization of the Lhc gene family in asparagus.

Postharvest water-soaking injury is the primary physiological disorder causing high circulation
losses and sharp decline in commercial value of Bailan melon, an important muskmelon (Cucumis melo
var. inodorus) cultivar in China, yet its molecular regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. In this
study, Bailan melon fruits were treated with 100 mg · L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) fumigation for 24
h and 500 mg · L-1 ethephon immersion for 60 s, respectively, to establish three experimental models with
extremely significant differences in water-soaking injury severity (injury rate: 8.63% for 1-MCP group, 26.00%
for control group, and 46.80% for ethephon group). Transcriptome sequencing and functional enrichment
analysis were performed to systematically identify key genes and metabolic pathways regulating water-soaking
injury. A total of 588 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ethephon vs. control and 809 DEGs in 1-MCP
vs. control were identified. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched
in two core pathways: phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. Nine core genes
highly correlated with water-soaking injury rate were further screened, including those encoding calmodulin-like
protein (MELO3C004465), pectinesterase (MELO3C022701), cellulose synthase (MELO3C008022), WRKY
transcription factor (MELO3C006724), and chitinase (MELO3C007962). This study confirmed that ethylene is
the core upstream signaling molecule inducing water-soaking injury in Bailan melon. The above core genes form
a complex regulatory network of water-soaking injury by mediating Ca2 + signal perception, maintaining cell wall
structural integrity, and activating defense responses. This study evaluates transcriptome data of water-soaking
injury in Bailan melon, clarifies the molecular mechanism and production application value of postharvest 1-MCP
treatment, and offers critical theoretical basis and gene targets for postharvest preservation technology
development and water-soaking-resistant molecular breeding of muskmelon.

During ‘The 14th Five-year Plan’ period, China’s facility agriculture has advanced toward green, low-carbon, and high-efficiency development. The research and application of renewable energy utilization and novel greenhouse materials have become critical factors influencing facility production energy consumption and overall greenhouse performance enhancement. In terms of renewable energy utilization, a series of research achievements in clean energy sources, such as solar, biomass, geothermal, and wind energy, have been achieved and applied. Technical systems featuring multi-energy coupling, energy storage for peak shaving, and cascade utilization have gradually taken shape, improving the efficiency and stability of greenhouse energy supply. In terms of greenhouse material development, transparent covering materials are evolving toward spectral regulation, light energy conversion, and multifunctional integration. Phase-change materials (PCMs) for thermal storage have improved heat storage and thermal insulation performance through composite modification and encapsulation, while prefabricated, lightweight, and flexible composite walls achieve synergy between thermal insulation and heat storage, strengthening the capacity for greenhouse thermal environment regulation. Overall, China has preliminarily established an energy-saving technology framework integrating multi-energy synergy, composite functional materials, and intelligent control. However, challenges remain, including insufficient regional adaptability, limited system integration, inadequate validation of long-term material performance, and relatively high costs for industrial application. Future efforts should focus on strengthening the deep integration of energy, materials, intelligent energy control, and crop growth, promoting the upgrade of key technologies from individual breakthroughs to systematic integration and engineering applications, thereby providing support for the green, low-carbon, and high-quality development of facility agriculture. 

Hebei Province, as a major vegetable producing and marketing province in China, serves as a crucial cornerstone in ensuring the stable supply of vegetables to the Beijing-Tianjin region. Open-field vegetables dominate Hebei Province’s vegetable production, accounting for over 70% of both the planting area and total output. Four primary production areas have taken shape: the cool Bashang Plateau region, the coastal area of eastern Hebei, the peri-urban zone around Beijing and Tianjin, and the central and southern Hebei plains, with efficient production models and cropping patterns. Major cultivars such as Chinese cabbage, head cabbage, and chili pepper boast strong market competitiveness, with sales networks covering the domestic market. Driven by the continuous advancement of the ‘Clean Vegetables into Beijing’ initiative, steady progress has been made in both the brand building of open-field vegetables and the promotion of green production technologies, and the foundation of product quality and safety has been continuously consolidated. Currently, the open-field vegetable industry in Hebei faces multiple challenges, including limited access to information for market entities, suboptimal levels of organization and industrialization, inequitable distribution of value-added benefits, and insufficient mechanization in key production stages. To promote the comprehensive upgrading and high-quality development of the open-field vegetable industry, this paper proposes countermeasures including establishing a big data platform, cultivating large-scale operational entities, promoting vertical integration of the industrial chain along with the shortening of distribution chains, and shoring up weak links in mechanization across key production stages. 

Root-knot nematode (RKN) disease is a major soil-borne disease in vegetable production, causing significant economic losses every year. The application of microbial agents is an important measure for the green prevention and control of this disease. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the development and application of related products, which have been widely used both domestically and internationally due to their environmental friendliness, diverse modes of action, and long-lasting efficacy. To date, various commercial microbial agents (biofertilizers) based on fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes have been registered for the control of RKN. In vegetable production, combining suitable microbial agent types and formulations with supporting techniques has significantly enhanced the green control effect against RKN. In the future, further strengthening research on the exploration of superior microbial resources, the development of composite microbial agents, and the synergistic application technologies of these agents will promote their use in controlling RKN disease in vegetables, providing robust support for the sustainable development of the vegetable industry. 

During ‘The 14th Five-year Plan’ period, open-field vegetable cultivation has dominated the mode of vegetable production in China, occupying about approximately 80% of the total vegetable planting area. This paper summarizes the scientific and technological progress of open-field vegetable cultivation in China over the past five years from five aspects: cropping structure and cultivation system innovation, vegetable growth and development regulation, efficient utilization and precision management of water and nutrients, research and development of mechanized and intelligent equipment, and integration of standardized cultivation techniques. On this basis, the paper analyzes the prominent challenges confronting the industrial development and scientific research on open-field vegetables, and prospects the development trends of open-field vegetable science and technology for ‘The 15th Five-year Plan’ period. Focusing on the four dimensions of high quality, high efficiency, green development and sustainability, it advocates for scientific and technological innovation, demonstration and promotion, and industrial upgrading. These efforts will fortify the bottom line of national ‘vegetable basket’ supply security, and underpin comprehensive rural revitalization and the construction of China into an agricultural powerhouse.

Protected horticulture plays a crucial role in building a diversified food supply system and ensuring the security of agricultural product supply in China. Systematically reviewing the research progress in production regionalization is essential for optimizing industrial layout and reducing production costs. This study employed bibliometric analysis of literature using CiteSpace from 1998-2025 to identify research hotspots and trends through keyword co-occurrence and clustering. Additionally, an in-depth content analysis was conducted based on a six-dimensional framework covering influencing factors, affected entities, impact types, zoning scales, production scenarios, and factor indicators. The results indicate that current research predominantly focuses on climatic suitability and meteorological disaster risks, with temperature, solar radiation, and wind as core factors, while critical resource elements such as water, energy, and labor are largely overlooked. Studies are mainly conducted at provincial or regional scales, with national-scale zoning research being scarce and outdated. Production scenarios remain generalized, lacking refinement in matching specific facility types with suitable crops. Although diverse quantitative methods are applied, standardized indicator systems and integrated multi-factor coupling frameworks are underdeveloped. Consequently, existing zoning outcomes offer limited practical guidance for cost-effective and regionally adapted production planning. Future research should shift
from a ‘climatic suitability’ paradigm toward a ‘production cost sensitivity’ approach, integrate climate-resourceeconomic
multi-factor coupling, and advance from macro-scale zoning to refined, scenario-specific analyses to better support the high-quality development of protected horticulture in China.

Xishuangbanna cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanensis) is a rare semi-wild germplasm resource endemic to Yunnan, China, combining the strong stress tolerance of wild varieties with the desirable agronomic traits of cultivars. This review synthesizes research progress on its morphological characteristics, genetic diversity, molecular mechanisms underlying stress resistance, fruit quality, and utilization. By integrating findings from genomics, metabolomics, and germplasm improvement, we elucidate its core advantages in heat-humidity tolerance and pest-disease resistance. Potential applications in functional vegetable breeding and sustainable eco-agriculture are discussed, with an emphasis on strategies that merge traditional practices with modern biotechnologies for conservation and innovation. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of regionally distinctive vegetable germplasm resources.

Vegetable seedlings are an important foundation for promoting the development of the vegetable industry. Based on an overview of the current status of vegetable seedling development, this paper summarizes the classification standards, evaluation indicators and relevant research progress, with a focus on analyzing the necessity of implementing vegetable seedling classification and the main existing problems, and prospects its future development. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for establishing scientific and unified vegetable seedling classification standards that meet the needs of modern production. It not only helps solve the practical problem of inconsistent standards in the current seedling market, but also has important reference and guiding significance for promoting the transformation and upgrading of Chinese vegetable seedling industry toward standardization and intellectualization, and ensuring the high-quality development of the vegetable industry from the vegetable seedlings source.

Abstract：Facility horticulture，as an important part of modern agriculture，has a key role in ensuring a stable supply of agricultural products，efficient use of resources，and promoting farmers’income．At present，although China’s facility horticulture has formed a large industrial scale，in its high-quality development is still facing multiple practical challenges：insufficient land security leads to prominent contradictions，and the polarization of facility performance triggered by the waste of production capacity；the key technology and equipment dependent on imports，seed‘bottlenecks’，low level of mechanization，the digital construction of a mere formality；market operation in planting planning is often blind，cost-benefit imbalance，poor production and marketing convergence；socialized service system is not sound，the aging of practitioners and other issues restricting industrial upgrading．In view of the above challenges，this paper puts forward a systematic countermeasures：in terms of land and facility construction，improve the differentiated land guarantee mechanism，promote the transformation of old facilities and the construction of appropriate mechanization standards；strengthen the synergy between government，industry，academia，research and application in the field of technology and equipment，break through the bottleneck of localization of seeds and intelligent equipment，and improve the policy of subsidies for agricultural machinery；optimize the planting guidance and income guarantee at the level of market mechanism，and build a digital production，marketing and circulation system；regarding the service system，cultivate diversified business subjects，strengthen the whole industrial chain socialized services，and promoting the internal and external attraction of talents．

Abstract：As a major protected vegetable production hub in Shandong Province，Zibo City plays a vital role in ensuring food supply，increasing farmers’incomes，and promoting rural revitalization．However， following 40 years of development，Zibo’s protected agriculture industry faces critical challenges，including aging greenhouse structures，an aging workforce，and obsolete technologies，which significantly impede the high-quality development of the local sector．Based on field surveys and data analysis，this study systematically investigates the current status of aging greenhouse facilities and identifies four innovative organizational renovation models：Party branch-led，private investment-driven，cooperative-led，and farmer-initiated models. Additionally，four technical upgrading strategies are proposed：consolidating small greenhouses into larger structures，reinforcing wall thickness，expanding structural dimensions（height and width），and integrating smart technologies．This study further evaluates the suitability of these renovation models in relation to the specific facility conditions across various districts and counties．Practical applications demonstrate that the upgraded facilities exhibit significant improvements in structural stability，disaster resilience，microclimate regulation，crop yields，and overall economic benefits．Accordingly，policy recommendations are proposed in three key areas：intensive land use，standardized smart transformation，and the optimization of external support systems．This study provides practical insights and a reference framework for the modernization of protected agriculture in similar northern regions of China．

Abstract：Tomato brown rugose fruit virus（ToBRFV）is a novel plant RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide in recent years，posing a serious threat to tomato production and gradually endangering the pepper industry．The L gene in peppers can confer broad-spectrum resistance to various members of the Tobamovirus genus，including ToBRFV．Several years ago，pepper genetic breeding research group，Institute of Vegetables and Flowers，Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences prospectively constructed core parent lines carrying the L3 gene and developed a series of new-generation sweet pepper varieties with high quality，multiple resistances，and adaptability to different ecological regions based on these lines．These varieties not only show resistance to pepper mild mottle virus but also exhibit good resistance to ToBRFV，which is of great significance for improving the disease resistance and commercial quality of sweet pepper varieties．This article provides a comprehensive review and discussion of the disease-resistant breeding system based on the above content.

Abstract：This paper systematically reviews the domestic and international research progress on pepper anthracnose，with a focus on the biological characteristics of its pathogen Colletotrichum spp. and the molecular mechanism of Capsicum spp. disease resistance．Firstly，in terms of the biological characteristics of Colletotrichum spp.，this paper elaborates on its species composition，pathogenic characteristics and infection cycle，as well as the signal transduction pathways and action mechanisms of key pathogenic genes． Meanwhile，it summarizes the functions of effector proteins in suppressing host immune responses during the pathogenic process of Colletotrichum spp．Secondly，in terms of the resistance response mechanism of Capsicum spp. to anthracnose，this paper explores the molecular genetic basis of Capsicum spp. disease resistance，including the mapping and genetic rules of related quantitative trait loci（QTL）．It also expounds the PTI and ETI defense signaling pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Capsicum spp. in response to Colletotrichum spp. infection，and reviews the research progress on the functions of key resistance genes．Finally，combined with current research bottlenecks，the paper prospects the research directions such as the elucidation of Colletotrichum spp. pathogenic mechanisms，the excavation of Capsicum spp. disease-resistant gene resources，and the breeding of disease-resistant varieties，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for
molecular breeding of Capsicum spp. against anthracnose．

Abstract：Based on transcriptome differential expression analysis between the cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）small-leaf mutant cpa1 and wild type（WT），we found that the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor gene CsAGL62b（CsaV3_3G045410）was significantly downregulated in the cpa1 mutant． The target gene of the cpa1 mutant has been identified as CsHLS1，and its homologous proteins have been shown to play vital regulatory roles in apical hook development and abiotic stress responses in plants．To further dissect the function of CsAGL62b ，the full-length coding sequence of CsAGL62b was cloned from wild-type cucumber using RT-PCR．Bioinformatic analysis showed that this gene encodes a protein of 225 amino acids containing a typical MADS domain．Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it has the closest genetic relationship with CmAGL62b from melon．Promoter cis-element prediction identified regulatory elements associated with light signaling and multiple plant hormones，including methyl jasmonate（MeJA），gibberellin（GA），and salicylic acid．Gene expression pattern analysis indicated that CsAGL62b showed the highest expression level in roots，followed by lateral buds and leaves．Moreover，its transcript abundance was significantly higher in weak roots than in other root types．In the root maturation zone，CsAGL62b  expression was significantly induced and upregulated by exogenous GA and abscisic acid（ABA）．Meanwhile，CsAGL62b in seedling
leaves responded rapidly to ABA and was upregulated，reaching its peak expression at 6 h of ABA treatment．Stress assays demonstrated that the expression of CsAGL62b exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decrease under drought，salt，and high-temperature stresses．In contrast，its expression was significantly downregulated under low-temperature stress，suggesting that CsAGL62b  may participate in multiple abiotic stress responses in cucumber．In summary，this study systematically characterized the molecular features of the cucumber CsAGL62b gene for the first time，and provides a solid molecular foundation for further elucidating its biological functions in root growth，development，and stress resistance in cucumber．

Abstract：Leaf curling is a common phenotypic variation in plant leaves，which has attracted extensive attention due to its impact on photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield．In this study，the pepper advanced inbred line 6421 and its stably inherited inward leaf-curling mutant CL1，which was isolated from the ethyl methane sulfonate（EMS）-mutagenized 6421 population，were used as materials to systematically analyze leaf developmental dynamics cytological characteristics and genetic inheritance patterns．The results showed that the wild-type 6421 exhibited flat leaves throughout the entire growth period，whereas the mutant CL1 maintained flat leaves only at the seedling stage．From the flowering stage，the leaves of CL1 gradually curled inward，reaching the peak curling at the green fruit stage．Morover，from the flowering to the red fruit stage， the daily growth rates of leaf width and leaf area of CL1 were significantly lower than those of 6421．During the flowering to green fruit stage，the contents of chlorophyll a，totaland carotenoids in leaves of CL1 leaves were significantly lower than those in 6421．By the red fruit stage，only contents of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in CL1 leaves remained lower compared to 6421．Histological analysis revealed that the crosssection of the CL1 leaf exhibited significant inward curling．The palisade and spongy tissue in the leaves of CL1 were disordered arranged，with reduced intercellular spaces，and the boundary between them were blurred or even fused．Moreover，the number of cell layers and cells in the vascular tissue of CL1 was less than that of 6421．Genetic analysis confirmed that the leaf-curling trait in pepper was controlled by a single recessive
gene．These results provide an important basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying leaf development in pepper．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China’s vegetable industry has undergone rapid
expansion in facility-based and intensive production．Driven by multiple factors，including climate change，
continuous cropping obstacles，and long-distance transport of seedlings，the occurrence patterns of vegetable diseases have shown several notable trends：increasing risks of seedborne and nursery-transmitted diseases；worsening soilborne diseases and continuous cropping disorders；frequent outbreaks of viral diseases；recurring epidemics of high-humidity diseases；and the emergence of new invasive diseases．These trends pose serious challenges to the stable supply，production security，and quality safety of vegetables．Based on national monitoring data on vegetable diseases collected from 2021 to 2025，this paper systematically reviews the epidemiological dynamics，key characteristics，and underlying driving mechanisms of disease occurrence．
Furthermore，it identifies future priorities for disease prevention and control，aiming to provide a scientific reference for the effective management of vegetable diseases and the green，high-quality development of China’s vegetable industry．

Calcium-dependent protein kinase（CDPK）are key regulators of stress signal transduction in
plants and participate in responses to drought and other abiotic stresses．However，systematic identification
and drought response mechanisms of the CDPK gene family in ginger（Zingiber officinale R.）remain largely
unclear．In this study，using‘Zhenning Erhuang ginger’as material，genome-wide identification and
bioinformatics analysis were performed to characterize the ZoCDPK gene family，including gene identification，
chromosomal localization and structural analysis．Combined with drought stress treatment，physiological index
detection and qRT-PCR，the drought response patterns of ZoCDPK genes were further investigated．The results
showed that 57 ZoCDPK members were identified from the ginger genome，which were unevenly distributed
on 16 chromosomes and highly conserved in structure．Based on phylogenetic relationships and promoter ciselement
analysis，ZoCDPK10，ZoCDPK19 and ZoCDPK47 were screened as key candidate genes in response
to drought stress．Under drought stress，the photosynthetic system of ginger was damaged，chlorophyll content
and photosynthetic parameters decreased significantly，while water use efficiency increased．qRT-PCR analysis
revealed that all three candidate genes were up-regulated by drought induction：ZoCDPK19 and ZoCDPK47
showed continuous up-regulation，whereas ZoCDPK10 exhibited an early response pattern with an initial
increase followed by a decrease．This study clarifies the basic characteristics and drought response patterns of the
CDPK gene family in ginger，providing important gene resources and theoretical foundations for dissecting the
molecular mechanisms of drought resistance and facilitating molecular breeding in ginger.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the major abiotic adversities limiting crop production，inhibiting
plant growth by disrupting soil physicochemical properties and inducing ion toxicity and oxidative stress．
Approximately 20% of global irrigated farmland is threatened by salinization，necessitating the development
of saline-alkali-tolerant crop varieties to ensure food security．In this study，350 tomato inbred lines were
subjected to 150 mmol · L-1 NaHCO3 to simulate saline-alkali stress，and 17 tolerant materials were screened
after 15 d of treatment．Among them，lines 105-2，113-2，and 317-2 exhibited outstanding performance，
with shoot fresh weight inhibition rates of only 42.62%，51.55%，and 41.69%，respectively．Further gradient
concentration stress tests on six tolerant materials（108-2，244-1，113-2，105-2，27-1，and 317-3）revealed that 244-1 and 317-3 showed minimal reductions in plant height（12.66% and 10.26%，respectively）
under 150 mmol · L-1 NaHCO3，along with significantly better stem thickness and leaf morphological stability
compared to other lines．Photosynthetic analysis indicated that 244-1，113-2，and 317-3 had the smallest
declines in chlorophyll SPAD values（3 to 8 percentage points）under 150 mmol · L-1 stress．Yield evaluation
demonstrated that 317-3 and 113-2 exhibited relatively minor reductions in single-plant yield（26.86%-31.96%）
under saline-alkali conditions，significantly outperforming sensitive materials．This study confirms significant
variation in saline-alkali tolerance among tomato inbred lines and identifies elite materials such as 317-3 with
both growth stability and yield potential，providing theoretical foundations and germplasm resources for
breeding saline-alkali-tolerant tomatoes．

Against the backdrop of global economic volatility and rising uncertainties in agricultural
development，the resilience of China’s garlic supply chain has become increasingly important for maintaining
industrial stability and safeguarding market supply，given China’s position as the world’s largest producer，
consumer，and exporter of garlic. Based on national statistical data，official reports from the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，and field survey data from major garlic-producing regions，this study
systematically examines the operational structure and resilience characteristics of China’s garlic supply chain
from a value chain perspective．Particular attention is given to production costs and mechanization levels，
climate-related risks，storage and processing capacity，and value chain extension in order to identify the
major constraints affecting supply chain stability．The findings indicate that China’s garlic industry has
developed a production pattern characterized by high regional concentration，well-established cold-chain
infrastructure，and digitalized trading systems，collectively enhancing its capacity to absorb routine market
fluctuations．Nevertheless，the overall resilience of the garlic supply chain remains constrained by low
production mechanization，continuously rising production costs，insufficient risk-buffering capacity in storage and processing，and limited development of deep processing and market expansion．Accordingly，this study
proposes strengthening supply chain resilience and competitiveness by accelerating technological upgrading in
key stages，improving supply-demand coordination and market risk management mechanisms，and promoting
the value chain toward higher value-added segments．

The heat shock protein 20（HSP20）family，as small molecule heat shock proteins，plays an
important role in plant growth and development，stress response and secondary metabolism．Previous research
have identified HSP20 genetic variations in two mustard germplasms with significantly different glucosinolate
contents，which are presumed to be associated with glucosinolate accumulation．This indicates that HSP20
is closely related to glucosinolate accumulation in mustard，and the hydrolysis products of glucosinolates are
the core components of volatile compounds in mustard．This study was the first to conduct whole genome
identification and expression analysis of the HSP20 family genes in Brassica juncea．A total of 70 BjuHSP20 genes were identified．The molecular weight of encoded proteins range from 15 254.41 Da to 57 448.84 Da，
with isoelectric points between 4.75 and 9.72．Most members to cytoplasmic subfamilies．The BjuHSP20
genes are unevenly distributed across 18 chromosomes of B. juncea．Collinearity and homology analysis
revealed conserved relationships of HSP20 genes among B. juncea，Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa．
The analysis of cis acting elements identified 40 elements related to hormone response，stress defense，light
response，and metabolic regulation．Subcellular localization showed that most BjuHSP20 are distributed in
the cell membrane，nucleus，such as mitochondria and golgi apparatus．RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses
demonstrated that BjuHSP20 genes exhibit significant expression differences between aromatic and non-aromatic
mustard accessions，showing specific expression response characteristics．

To identify the key agronomic traits influencing yield in Welsh onion and elucidate their
complex relationships，this study investigated 14 major cultivars cultivated in Jinan，Shandong Province．
A three-year field experiment was conducted to measure 13 agronomic parameters，including plant height，
pseudostem length，and leaf length．Principal component analysis（PCA）and the XGBoost machine learning
model were employed to analyze the association between agronomic traits and yield．The results showed
that four principal components extracted by PCA accounted for 79.52% of the total trait variation，with plant
height，pseudostem length，pseudostem compactness，and leaf transverse diameter identified as key factors
affecting yield formation，thereby providing an effective method for multi-trait comprehensive evaluation．
The XGBoost model combined with the SHAP method quantified the contribution of each trait and established critical thresholds for pseudostem length（32 cm），plant height（102 cm），and leaf transverse diameter
（2.5 cm），offering precise indicators for high-yield breeding．Multivariate analysis revealed synergistic
interactions between plant height and pseudostem length，while demonstrating that moderate regulation of
pseudostem compactness is essential for yield optimization．These findings advance the understanding of yield
physiology in Welsh onion and provide practical insights for cultivar improvement and precision agronomic
management．

Growth-regulating factors（GRFs）are a class of plant-specific transcription factors that
are crucial for the regulation of plant growth，development，and responses to abiotic stress．The GRF
transcription factor family in potato is currently inadequately understood．This work performed a genomewide
identification and analysis of the potato GRF gene family，identifying 12 StGRF members．Phylogenetic
analysis revealed that the 12 StGRFs can be classified into five subgroups，with GroupⅠ containing the largest
number of members．Chromosomal localization showed that StGRF genes were distributed on nine of the twelve chromosomes，with no StGRF genes detected on chromosomes chr05，chr06，and chr11；chromosome chr08
harbored the highest number，with 4 StGRF genes．Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements revealed that
the promoter regions of the majority of StGRF family members contain numerous regulatory elements linked to
abiotic stress and hormonal responses，including those related to jasmonic acid，abscisic acid，drought，and
low temperature．Transcriptomic and expression pattern analysis further verified that StGRF family members
could extensively respond to abiotic stress and hormone treatments．Notably，StGRF3 and StGRF8 exhibited
opposite expression patterns in cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant potato varieties，respectively．In addition，
a regulatory interaction network involving StGRFs and lncRNAs was constructed．These findings provide a
theoretical basis for additional comprehensive studies on the functions of the StGRF gene family in regulating
potato growth，development，and stress responses．

Monolepta hieroglyphica is a common agricultural pest in farmlands of northern China．In
2025，severe damage caused by this pest to lettuce was first discovered in Shangyi County，Hebei Province．
On the basis of clarifying its damage characteristics on organically cultivated lettuce in protected greenhouses，
the combined control efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae biological agents was
evaluated．The results showed that adults of M. hieroglyphica mainly inhabited the abaxial leaf surface of
lettuce and fed on leaf margins with chewing mouthparts，initially causing irregular notches，which later
developed into chlorotic spots or grayish-white withered lesions．In severe cases，withered lesions connected
into pieces and even the whole leaf withered completely．Two foliar applications of 32 000 IU · mg-1 Bacillus thuringiensis G033A wettable powder diluted 300 times combined with 10 billion spores · g-1 Metarhizium
anisopliae wettable powder diluted 300 times exhibited excellent control effect against M. hieroglyphica．Three
days after the second application，the number of adults on lettuce plants and yellow sticky traps both decreased
to zero，with the population reduction rate reaching 100.00%．The results can provide a theoretical reference
for the biological control of M. hieroglyphica on organic lettuce in protected cultivation．

To establish standardized cultivation model of eggplant in large plastic tunnel in early spring，
the eggplant variety‘Guanhong 102’was used as the test material．Under a planting density of 1 905 plants
per 667 m2，with the small high ridge double row（large row spacing 80 cm，small row spacing 60 cm，
plant spacing 50 cm）as the control（CK）．Four treatments of T1（large row spacing 150 cm，small row
spacing 30 cm，plant spacing 39 cm），T2（large row spacing 140 cm，small row spacing 40 cm，plant
spacing 39 cm），T3（large row spacing 130 cm，small row spacing 50 cm，plant spacing 39 cm），T4
（large row spacing 120 cm，small row spacing 60 cm，plant spacing 39 cm）were set up to study the effects
of different large and small row spacing configuration on the growth and yield of eggplant in the large plastic
tunnel．The results showed that 90 d after planting，the plant height，stem diameter，root activity and
chlorophyll（a + b）content were all higher under T2，which were 7.8%，8.2%，8.6% and 13.8% higher
than those in CK，respectively．The yield of T2 was higher than that of CK，which increased by 7.6%．
Therefore，under the experimental conditions，the configuration with a ridge center distance of 180 cm，
large row spacing of 140 cm，small row spacing of 40 cm，and plant spacing of 39 cm can be recommended
as a suitable large and small row spacing arrangement for early spring eggplant cultivation in large plastic
tunnel．

This study investigated the effects of priming with different concentrations of melatonin（MT）
on the germination and seedling growth of aged seedless watermelon seeds，aiming to enhance the vigor and utilization rate of these seeds and to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying
melatonin-mediated vigor restoration．Using the 2018‘Dayuwuzi No.4’as experimental material，we
conducted priming treatments with melatonin solutions at various concentrations（25，50，100，150，200
μmol · L-1；designated as T1 to T5）．Seeds primed with distilled water served as controls（CK1，with
seed coat cracking；CK2，without seed coat cracking）．We analyzed seed germination and seedling growth
parameters under each treatment．The results showed that different concentrations of melatonin had varying
effects on the germination and seedling growth of aged seedless watermelon seeds．The T3 treatment（100
μmol · L-1）exhibited the most pronounced promoting effect on seed germination and seedling growth．In terms
of seed germination，the germination potential，germination rate，germination index，and vigor index under
T3 were 46.00%，59.33%，9.28，594.03，respectively．These values were significantly higher than those of
CK2，representing increases of 16.00 percentage points，24.66 percentage points，74.76%，and 147.47%，
respectively．Compared with CK1，the germination potential，germination rate，germination index，and
vigor index of the T3 treatment increased by 6.67 percentage points，2.00 percentage points，19.96%，and
10.04%，respectively．These values were slightly better than those of CK1，with no significant differences，
indicating that this treatment could effectively simplify the physical seed coat cracking operation in production．
In terms of seedling growth，plant height，stem diameter，shoot fresh weight，root fresh weight，shoot dry
weight，root dry weight，relative chlorophyll，and root activitycontent under T3 treament were significantly
higher than those of CK2，with increases of 57.96%，35.04%，46.95%，52.69%，46.68%，53.73%，
12.51%，and 41.46%，respectively．Furthermore，the T3 treatment effectively enhanced the antioxidant
enzyme activities in both seeds and seedlings while significantly reducing malondialdehyde（MDA）content．
Compared with CK2，the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD），peroxidase（POD），and catalase
（CAT）in seeds increased by 64.39%，170.24%，and 46.61%，respectively，and the MDA content decreased
by 59.77%，with all differences being statistically significant．Similarly，the activities of SOD，POD，and
CAT in seedlings increased by 51.77%，79.03%，and 14.34%，respectively，and the MDA content decreased
by 48.48%，also showing significant differences．In conclusion，priming with 100 μmol · L-1 melatonin
solution effectively restores the vigor of aged seedless watermelon seeds，thereby promoting seed germination
and seedling growth．

Snap bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）is an important vegetable crop in China，whose growth
and development are often severely constrained by drought stress．To investigate the alleviating effect of
exogenous allantoin（ALL）on drought stress-inhibited seed germination of snap bean，a drought-sensitive
cultivar‘Huangguan’was used as material，and 20% PEG-6000 was applied to simulate drought conditions．
The effects of seed soaking with different concentrations（1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10 mmol · L-1）of
ALL on seed germination and physiological characteristics were analyzed．The results showed that drought
stress significantly inhibited snap bean seed germination．Compared with the normal control（CK），the seed germination rate，germination potential，germination index，and vigor index decreased by 83.3 percentage
points，97.8 percentage points，89.8%，and 98.9%，respectively．Meanwhile，superoxide dismutase
（SOD）and catalase（CAT）activities decreased，while the superoxide anion（O2
-.）production rate and bmalondialdehyde（MDA）content increased significantly．Exogenous ALL treatment significantly alleviated stress damage，among which 8 mmol · L-1 ALL had the best effect．Compared with the drought stress treatment，it increased the germination rate and germination potential by 61.1 and 46.7 percentage points，respectively，and enhanced the germination index and vigor index by 7.16 and 21.21 times，respectively．
Furthermore，this concentration effectively increased seed SOD and CAT activities，elevated the contents of
proline（Pro），soluble sugar，and soluble protein，while reducing the O2
-. production rate and MDA content．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has made significant breakthroughs in basic research related to the tomato genome，pan-genome，and domestication evolution．Important progress has been made in the tomato graph pan-genome and super pan-genome．Genes related to important agronomic traits，including disease resistance，stress tolerance，quality et al. have been mapped，cloned，and their regulatory mechanisms analyzed．Molecular markers that can be used to assist in selection have also been developed. The tomato gene editing technologies were also further improved．Significant progress has been made in the collection，identification，exploration and innovative utilization of tomato germplasm resources．A number of excellent new germplasms and high-quality multi-resistant new varieties have been created and released，especially in the breeding of varieties with good flavor and texture，remarkable achievements have been made，which has effectively contributed to the upgrading of the tomato industry．This article reviews and summarizes the research progress made in the field of tomato genetic breeding in China from 2021 to 2025，and discusses the main problems existing in the current tomato genetic improvement and the future development direction

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，systematic progress has been made in pumpkin genetic breeding in China．High-quality pumpkin genomes were assembled，the genetic mechanisms underlying key traits were deeply dissected，and the pumpkin breeding technology system was refined．A batch of elite new pumpkin germplasms with good quality and multi-resistance was developed，and a series of distinctive new pumpkin varieties with diverse characteristics were successfully bred．This review systematically summarizes the major advances in applied basic research，breeding technology development，germplasm innovation，and new variety breeding of pumpkin in China during‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period．It also discusses the main problems currently existing in pumpkin genetic breeding in China and proposes future directions for development．

In response to the unsustainability of traditional agriculture，microbial inoculants have emerged as a core green technology for advancing the transformation of vegetable production．The types，mechanisms of action，and application progress of microbial inoculants in vegetable production were systematically elucidated．The comprehensive effects on improving quality and yield，enhancing stress resistance，and ameliorating the rhizosphere microecology in vegetables were analyzed．Nutrient utilization was directly enhanced through nitrogen fixation，phosphorus solubilization，and potassium release，while plant hormones were secreted to stimulate root development．Pest and disease control was effectively achieved through competition，antagonism，and the induction of resistance．In the future，at the level of inoculant development，it is necessary to utilize genomics，metabolomics，and high-throughput screening technologies to directionally select and breed superior microbial strains that possess efficient colonization capabilities，multiple growth-promoting functions，and biocontrol properties，tailored to the specific demands of different vegetable crops（such as fruit vegetables and leafy vegetables）and major soil-borne diseases（such as bacterial wilt and blight）．Furthermore，at the level of application strategies，priority should be given to researching the coupling effects between microbial inoculants and organic fertilizer sources，water-saving irrigation，and ecological regulation measures．This will help establish a precision application technology system based on soil-crop-microbe interactions，thereby enhancing the efficacy stability and ecological adaptability of microbial inoculants within organic and green agricultural systems.

Using cultivated tomato‘Taikonghongzuan’（Solanum lycopersicum）as the female parent and wild tomato‘LA1598’（Solanum pimpinellifolium）as the male parent，a BC2F1 introgression line（IL）population was constructed through hybridization and backcrossing．This study employed multivariate statistical methods to comprehensively evaluate 53 agronomic traits across 19 ILs within this population，aiming to identify novel germplasms with superior comprehensive characteristics as well as accessions exhibiting outstanding or specific traits. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 53 agronomic traits in the 19 ILs ranged from 0 to 94.87%，indicating rich genetic diversity．Correlation analysis demonstrated complex interrelationships among traits．Cluster analysis classified the 19 ILs into four clusters，with Cluster Ⅲ exhibiting outstanding comprehensive traits including large single-fruit weight，high firmness，high soluble solids content，and high yield；Principal component analysis achieved comprehensive ranking of the lines，providing theoretical foundation for preliminary application of the introgression lines；Screening of BC2F1population for specific traits yielded novel germplasms with outstanding characteristics in flower number per inflorescence（2 lines），fruit number per inflorescence（3 lines），firmness（5 lines），and flesh thickness（1 line），as well as specific characteristics in fruit stalk length（4 lines），ripening fruit color（4 lines），and number of ventricles（1 line）．This study supplies valuable germplasm resources for tomato breeding and the exploration of genes underlying elite traits．

During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，significant breakthroughs has been made in both basic and applied research on cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.），alongside notable progress in molecular breeding techniques，collectively driving the upgrade of new variety development．This paper systematically reviews the major advances over the past five years in several key areas，including the genetic mapping of important agronomic traits，elucidation of functional mechanisms，development of molecular markers，haploid breeding，and the application of transgenic and gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9．It also summarizes representative achievements in germplasm resource evaluation，breeding material innovation，and new variety breeding．Based on this review，we analyze the main challenges currently facing and propose future research directions．This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the genetic improvement and efficient breeding of cucumber.

Seedling cultivation is the primary step in vegetable production．Technological innovation in seedling cultivation is a crucial component and an essential requirement for vegetable industry modernization．By using databases such as Wanfang Data，VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform，Science Direct，and SpringerLink，we searched the Sci-Tech literature related to vegetable seedling cultivation published by Chinese researchers from 2021 to 2025．The results show that research on vegetable seedling cultivation mainly focuses on application technology aspects such as seed treatment，regulation of growth and development，improvement of substrate properties，grafting healing and application effects，and grafting and transplanting equipment．However，the basic theoretical research on the molecular mechanisms of seedling growth and development is relatively weak．The development of a smart seedling system including environment and biological information perception，growth and development models，and intelligent equipment is urgently needed．

From the perspective of industrial cluster development，this paper sorts out the competitive advantages of the Dutch vegetable industry and provides a reference for the clustered development of China’s vegetable industry．By sorting out data and information such as the production scale，production and trading entities，and export scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，this paper explores their core competitive advantages．The results show that although the production scale of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters is small，they maintain a sound development trend．All links within the clusters cooperate closely with remarkable industrial benefits，and they have prominent advantages in vegetable seed industry development，production technological innovation，vegetable product quality，and entity collaboration efficiency．China should draw on the development experience of the Dutch vegetable industry clusters，by establishing vegetable seed industry clusters，promoting production technological innovation，keeping pace with the domestic and foreign market demand trends，developing characteristic vegetable industries，and building high-value-added，highly competitive and sustainable vegetable industry clusters．

Abstract：During‘The 14th Five-year Plan’period，China has vigorously promoted various tasks in the seed industry，marking a crucial stage for the high-quality development of pepper genetic breeding．Although research on pepper genetics and breeding was not independently funded as a separate project in the national key R & D programs，it has received support from multiple scientific and technological projects of relevant national authorities，including programs for precise germplasm identification，gene discovery，germplasm innovation，and rural revitalization．Driven by genomics and multi-omics technologies，substantial progress has been made in both the genetic mechanisms and breeding technologies of pepper，representing one of the fastest-developing phases in recent years．There has been a significant increase in fundamental theoretical research，as well as in the diversity and number of released varieties，accompanied by an elevated proportion of high-quality cultivars．This paper 14th Five-year Plan’period，and provides an outlook for development in‘The 15th Five-year Plan’．