Onion is a representative cross-pollinated vegetable with obvious heterosis. Cytoplasmic male sterility（CMS）is used to produce hybrid onion seed. It takes 4-8 years of crossing and scoring of progeny phenotypes to identify the sterility-related genotype from an uncharacterized population. The development of molecular marker for cytoplasm male sterility-related genes can improve selection efficiency for maintainer line and be helpful to reveal mechanism of male sterility. This paper introduced several types of onion cytoplasm male sterility and reviewed the progress made in studying molecular marker of cytoplasm and nucleus genes. It also discussed the present status and problems existing in molecular marker technology and prospected its future of application.
Taking tomato 13485（containing Cf-5，Tm-1 and Mi-1 gene）as female parent， we crossed it with advanced tomato inbred line 13065（containing Ty-2，Ty-3，I-2，Ph-2 and Ph-3 gene）and advanced tomato inbred line 13337（containing storage tolerant gene rin） as male parents， respectively by pyramiding technology. Then we identified the genotype of 1 057 plants from their F2 segregation populations by molecular marker assistant selection（MAS） technology. We got 19 plants with resistance to 5 diseases， 30 plants with resistance to 4 diseases， and 20 plants with resistance to 3 diseases and containing rin gene. We kept those single plants with good field performance as reserve seeds， and will carry out selection afterwards. At the same time， we tested and verified the accuracy of molecular marker by inoculation identification. The result indicated that the goodness of fit by inoculation identification and molecular identification was over 80%.
The co-dominant InDel markers were successfully explored based on the insertion-deletion （InDel）mutation in the major gene/QTL conferring powdery mildew resistance in cucumber（Cucumis sativus L.）. The InDel marker InDel-MLO1 was co-segregated with the major gene for powdery mildew resistance through linkage analysis. Known of powdery mildew resistance phenotype，24 cucumber lines originated from various geographical regions of the world were tested by the InDel marker. The results showed that the genotypes of InDel-MLO1 were consistent with their resistance phenotypes in 21 cucumber lines，which indicated that this causal InDel mutation for powdery mildew resistance occurred frequently during the evolution and domestication of cucumber. Therefore，our finding confirmed that the InDel marker is very useful for identification of cucumber powdery mildew resistance and molecular marker-assisted breeding for most of the cucumber lines，and thus，the process of powdery mildew resistance breeding in cucumber will be accelerated.
The 73 melon（Cucumis melo L.） accessions were identified by 15 morphological markers and 32 CAPS markers in this experiment. Using 15 morphological markers， these melons were classified into 3 categories，when the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.82. The polymorphism rate of CAPS markers were 29.63% in molecular markers. The average polymorphism information content（PIC） was 0.34 with a range of 0.22-0.38. The result of CAPS cluster analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficients of these 73 accessions were ranged from 0.50- 0.97. Also， the test materials could be divided into 3 categories， when the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.60. The fingerprinting codes and QR codes had established unique fingerprint for the 73 melon accessions. Each accession could be distinguished from the others. Thus， the germplasm resources could be quickly identified.
In order to investigate the suitable storage time for the root-cutting grafted cucumber seedling，this experiment studied the effects of different storage times on the survival rate，morphological and physiological indexes of commercial seedlings of root-cutting grafted cucumber（ Cucumis sativus L．）．Under 20 ℃，in darkness and high relative humidity（99%），we compared the effects of storage times including 0（ control），4，8，12，16，20，24，28，32，36，40，48 hours，respectively on root-cutting cucumber grafted seedlings．The results indicated that the treatment of 48 hours，in spite of high survival rate（98.50%），showed significant differences with 40 hours treatment in the following terms of dry weight，root dry weight，seedling index，soluble sugar of true leaf，absorption area，volume of rootand root length compared．These results also indicated that under 20 ℃，in darkness and high relative humidity，the suitable storage time should be controlled within 40 hours to assure the high survival rate and good quality of commercial seedlings of root-cutting grafted cucumber．
Taking organically cultured tomato variety‘ Xianke No.8’ as experimental material and adopting two factor randomized block design，this paper studied the effect of‘ Pulyutong’ plant immune protein on tomato growth，yield，quality，and disease resistance under organic cultivation condition in early spring solar greenhouse. The results show that compared with the treatment without‘ Pulyutong’ plant immune protein，the growth，yield，quality，and disease resistance of applying‘ Pulyutong’ plant immune protein were all improved. The yield under T3 treatment compared with the control，increased by 74.08% ，VC content and sugar-acid ratio increased by 61.9 mg·kg-1 and 3.94，respectively. While，the fruit-dropping rate and irregular-fruit-rate were reduced by 8.66 and 19.16 percentage points，respectively，and yet no dead plant，virus disease and bacteria wilt were reported. So，we recommended to adopt application of‘ Pulyutong’ plant immune protein during the whole growing period since the seedling stage，T3 treatment was the best choice.
Under hydroponic condition，this paper studies the effect of different ammonium and nitrate ratio（CK，0∶100；T1，10∶90；T2，25∶75；T3，50∶50）on lettuce（Lactuca sativa L.）growth and N，P，K accumulation．The results showed that compared with the CK，T1 significantly promoted the lettuce growth，and its fresh weight of aerial part and economic yield were increased by 15.77% and 15.21%，while the fresh weight of aerial part and economic yield in T2 and T3 treatments were significantly reduced．The N，P，K accumulation in lettuce plant were behaved as T1 ＞ CK ＞ T2 ＞ T3 under different ammonium and nitrate ratio treatment．There were significant differences existing among treatments．The nitrogen loss ratios of each treatment under hydronic cultivation were between 20.17%-65.31%.Compared with the CK，the nitrogen loss amount and loss rate under T1 treatment were reduced by 14.79% and 4.24 percentage points，respectively，while the nitrogen loss amount and loss rate under T2 and T3 treatments were significantly increased．The plant growth and N，P，K accumulation were improved by 10% ammonium in nutrient solution，and yet its nitrogen loss was reduced significantly．
In order to quickly and effectively screen the heat tolerant leaf lettuce（Lactuca sativa L.） cultivars with superior quality，and realize its heat tolerant cultivation in summer，we selected 36 leaf lettuce cultivars from home and abroad，and carried out comparative cultivation experiment under high temperature of artificial simulation，then determined and analyzed the heat injury index，root system activity，leaf relative conductivity and content of oxygen free radicals in leaf blades．Based on the above screened indexes，we chose‘Kasitenaiyoushengcai’，‘Kuxiye’，‘Xibanya’，‘Shuangzijieqiushengcai’，and‘Meiguojieqiushengcai’as leaf letterce cultivars with relatively higher tolerance to high temperature．
The control efficacy of 42% Metam sodium AS（450 kg·hm-2），21% calcium cyanamide GR（900 kg·hm-2），96.5% Ammonium Bicarbonate GR（3 000 kg·hm-2）and 4.5% Beta cypermethrin （12 000 mL·hm-2）on greenhouse earthworm were investigated by field tests in this study．The results showed that the control effects of all these 4 tested agents against greenhouse earthworm reached over 80% after applying the pesticides for 30 days．And after applying the pesticides for 180 days，the field control efficacy of 96.5% Ammonium Bicarbonate GR and 42% Metam sodium AS could reach 70.31% and 63.99%，respectively．The result also indicated that the alternative usage of 96.5% Ammonium Bicarbonate GR and 42% Metam sodium AS could effectively control the number of greenhouse earthworm．
‘Jingyancuiyumini No. 2’ is a new fruit type cucumber F1 hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘ CM-3’ as female parent and‘ CM-1’ as male parent. The plant has strong growth vigor. It is of mid-early maturity. The fruit is of short cylinder shape with shiny white green smooth peel. It is about 15 cm in length and 90-120 g in weight. There is no papilloma on its skin. It is crisp with good quality. Its contents of VC，soluble sugar and soluble solid are 60.6 mg·kg-1（FW），2.21 ％ and 4.1 ％，respectively. It is resistant to downy mildew，powder mildew，low temperature and weak light. It can yield about 112.5 t·hm-2. It is suitable for greenhouse and plastic tunnel cultivation in winter and spring in Northern China areas.
‘Tianjiao No.12’ is a new mid-early maturity hot pepper F1 hybrid developed by crossing long claw pepper inbred line‘ 138’ as female parent and claw pepper inbred line‘ 67’ as male parent. It is of mid-early maturiey. The first flower sets on the 8-10th node. Its fruit is of long claw shape with wrinkles in surface and base．Its fruit is 29-35 cm in length and 3.0-3.5 cm in width. The fruit flesh is 3.2 mm in thickness. The single fruit weight is 50-70 g．It has strong successive fruit setting ability and can bear fruit concentrately. It tastes medium hot. Its dry mater content is 94.7 g·kg-1 . The VC content is 667.7 mg·kg-1．It is highly resistant to pepper blight. It can yield over 60 t·hm-2．It is suitable for cultivation both in open and protected fields.
‘Haqie No.1’ is a new eggplant F1 hybrid developed by crossing‘ T1049’ as female parent and ‘T1714 ’as male parent. It is of early maturity and has strong growth vigor. Its stem is dark purple and leaf is dark green in color. The first fruit is setting on the 7-8th node. Its fruit is of long rod shape. The fruit is 25-28 cm in length， and 4-6 cm in diameter. The single fruit weight is about 130-150 g. Its pericarp is black purple and shinning. The fruit pulp is green white in color and tender in quality. It is resistant to tobacco mosaic virus disease and verticillium wilt. It can yield about 60 t·hm-2. It is suitable for protected cultivation in northern China.
‘Meiqi’ is a new cherry tomato hybrid developed by crossing‘ MT0218’ as female parent and ‘MT0235-1’ as male parent. This variety belongs to limited growth type. The fruit is of high oval shape. The young fruit has no green shoulder，and the matured fruit is red in color. The average single fruit weight is about 17 g. Its fruit hardness is high. It is tolerant to storage and transportation. The fruit tastes sweet & sour and its quality is good. The results of field investigation show that it is resistant to virus disease，leaf mold ，bacterial wilt，etc. Its average yield is about 45 t·hm-2. It is suitable to be planted in greenhouse or open field in Beijing，Liaoning，Henan，Shaanxi，Hunan，Jiangsu，Zhejiang and Hainan Provinces in spring.
‘Shubo No.1’ is a new spinach F1 hybrid bred by crossing female line‘ 179’ as female parent with self-line‘220’ as male parent. The plant is erecting and has strong growth potential. It has smooth，broad，pointed round and green leaf blade. Its leaf is dark green in color，12-14 cm in length，7-9 cm in width. Its petiole length is 9-10 cm. It can yield 22.5-30.0 t·hm-2. It is suitable to be planted in open fields and protected facilities in early spring and autumn.
‘Weiluobo No. 5’ is a new radish cultivar derived from crossing male sterile line‘ VMS-01A-6’ as female parent and self-incompatible line‘ VL-126’ as male parent. It takes 75-80 days from sowing to harvest. It grows vigorously and its plant expansion is 50 cm. The leaves are semi-erecting and light green in color. The matured plant has 14-16 lobed leaves. Its fleshy root is of spherical shape with smooth and red peel. Its pulp is tender and the quality is good. The average single root weight is about 1.41 kg. The yield is 85.5-88.5 t·hm-2. Its resistances to downy mildew，virus diseases and soft rot disease are superior to that of the contrast‘ Hongfeng No.2’. It is suitable for fall planting in Shandong Province，North and Northeast China.
‘Liaojiu No. 1’ is a new Chinese chive variety of deep dormancy type，developed by crossing ‘Yingkouxiejiu’ as female parent and‘ K013’ as male parent，and then through successive single plant selection for several generations. It can over winter safely in open fields in Shenyang. The plant is about 45 cm in height. The single plant has 6-8 leaves with 1.2 cm blade width. Its leaf is bright green in color. The leaf blade is thick and hollow. Its average single plant weight is 12.2 g. This variety grows vigorously and fast. It is orthostatic and strongly resistant to cold. Its quality is good. It tastes very spicy. In the fields，its resistances to virus disease，grey mold and blight are stronger than that of the contrasts‘ Fufeng No.1’ and‘ 791’. It can be harvested for 4-5 times per year. The average yield is 75 t·hm-2. It is suitable for open field and protected cultivation in late winter and early spring.
‘Yujie No.1’ is a new leaf mustard cultivar（Brassica juncea var.latipa）bred from local cultivar ‘Baobaocai’ through 6 generations’ single plant inbred purification and pedigree cultivation with fixed direction. This variety is of late-maturity， and has wide and fleshy leaf blade and midrib. It has good processing quality and high yielding ability. The maximum leaf blade is 70-75 cm in length， 25-30 cm in width. Its rib leaf blade is 35-40 cm in length， 12-15 cm in width and about 1.1 cm in thickness. The single plant fresh weight is about 2.0- 2.5 kg， and single petioles rib fresh weight is around 210 g. The economic and effective leaf blade number is over 7. Its normal yield is about 105 t·hm-2， and by high-yield cultivation it can yield over 120 t·hm-2. It is suitable for cultivation in Chongqing Municipality， Sichuan， Yunnan， Guizhou Provinces and regions， generally as processing material for sauerkraut， and also as fresh food.
